Potential strategies for combating COVID-19
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REVIEW
Potential strategies for combating COVID‑19 Saba Shamim1 · Maryam Khan1 · Zelal Jaber Kharaba2 · Munazza Ijaz1 · Ghulam Murtaza3 Received: 15 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019, also known as COVID-19, is caused by a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2. The infection has now catapulted into a full-blown pandemic across the world, which has affected more than 2 million people and has led to approximately 150,000 fatalities all over the world (WHO). In this review, we elaborate all currently available data that shed light on possible methods for treatment of COVID-19, such as antiviral drugs, corticosteroids, convalescent plasma, and potentially effective vaccines. Additionally, ongoing and discontinued clinical trials that have been carried out for validating probable treatments for COVID-19 are discussed. The review also elaborates the prospective approach and the possible advantages of using convalescent plasma and stem cells for the improvement of clinical symptoms and meeting the demand for an instantaneous cure. Abbreviations ADE Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection CAR T Chimeric antigen receptor T cell CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention CEPI Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations CoV Coronavirus CRP C-reactive protein CRS Cytokine-release syndrome EC50 Effective concentration 50 EMA European Medicines Agency ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate FDA Food and Drug Administration HBIG Hepatitis B immunoglobulin HRIG Human rabies immunoglobulin INFβ Interferon beta rINFβ Recombinant interferon beta MERS Middle East respiratory syndrome
Handling Editor: Akbar Dastjerdi. * Ghulam Murtaza [email protected] 1
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
3
Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Islamabad 54000, Pakistan
NIAID National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases PBPK Pharmacology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling RSV Respiratory syncytial virus RSV-IG Respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome TRALI Transfusion-related acute lung injury WHO World Health Organization
Introduction to coronaviruses Coronaviruses (CoVs) were originally found in chickens, after which they were visualized microscopically for the first time by scientists in the twentieth century [1]. They are round, enveloped RNA viruses with spiked projections on their surface, which gives them the appearance of a crown, hence the name [2]. Usually, these viruses have a zoonotic origin and can cause potentially lethal disease in humans. Bats are the natural reservoir for a wide variety of viruses, with numerous species of bats being hosts to approximately four thousand v
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