Power Quality of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering PVs, EVs and DSM
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Power Quality of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering PVs, EVs and DSM Mohammed Jasim M. Al Essa1 Received: 12 October 2019 / Revised: 18 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © Brazilian Society for Automatics--SBA 2020
Abstract This paper investigates the effect of photovoltaic panels (PVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) on power quality of electrical distribution systems, while proposing an approach of demand-side management (DSM). Electricity generation of PVs is estimated based on technical parameters and weather data, whereas electricity consumption of EVs is evaluated using travel data of conventional cars. Calculations of three-phase power flow are developed in this study to assess the impact of PVs and EVs on voltage magnitude and voltage unbalance of residential grids. Simulation results of different case studies show that additional power generation of PVs increases voltage magnitude. However, uncoordinated electricity consumption of charging EVs degrades voltage unbalance. Therefore, a strategy of DSM is proposed to coordinate EV charging using deterministic programming, while considering historical data of system components. The proposed scheme of DSM is able to improve voltage quality by re-scheduling EV consumption in line with PV generation, postponing upgrading requirements of power grids. Keywords Demand-side management · Electric vehicles · Optimization · Photovoltaic panels · Power quality · Three-phase load flow
1 Introduction The level of penetration of low carbon technologies (LCTs) was recognized to increase in electricity grids (KEMA 2014). Photovoltaic panels (PVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) increase the complexity of monitoring and modeling lowvoltage grids (Zakariazadeh et al. 2015). To cope with such difficulty, different trials were initiated in UK Power Networks (2014) to quantify the effect of LCTs on future low carbon electricity networks. Power grids will experience considerable uncertainties because of an increasing level of adopting LCTs. Emerging loads such as EVs amplify power consumption particularly over peak hours. In the meantime, distributed generators (e.g., PVs) intensify voltage magnitudes due to their reverse power flow. Therefore, LCTs are able to affect both suppliers and consumers at different levels of electrical systems. As a result, quality of electricity should be maintained within their limits, while integrating
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Mohammed Jasim M. Al Essa [email protected]; [email protected] Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, P.O. Box (21), Al Najaf, Najaf Governorate 54001, Iraq
such technologies in power systems (Energy Network Association Technology 2012). Coordinated and uncoordinated charging methods of hybrid EVs were addressed in Clementnyns et al. (2010), considering voltage profiles and power losses of a low-voltage network. The influence of EVs and PVs on a real electricity feeder was discussed in Agüero et al. (2012) based on daily profiles of voltage and power, considering different penetration levels. Maximum uptakes of renewabl
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