PPR control program in Nepal: What next?
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REVIEW ARTICLE
PPR control program in Nepal: What next? Krishna Prasad Acharya1 • Sarita Phuyal2 • Narayan Acharya3
Received: 9 August 2019 / Accepted: 3 March 2020 Ó Indian Virological Society 2020
Abstract PPR is an economically important trans-boundary disease of sheep and goats. Nepal had experienced several episodes of PPR outbreaks in the past. Although severity and frequency of outbreaks have decreased due to strenuous effort of Government of Nepal, it has been rather endemic. National PPR Control Program 2001, and PPR Control Program Implementation Working Guidelines, 2013, the legal documents guiding PPR control activities, have not been effective as expected due to multifactorial reasons. Thus, a critical analysis of the program with emphasis on impeding factors is must. In this review, we attempted to analyse and suggest more effective strategies considering geopolitical, social and cultural context of Nepal. Keywords PPR Control program Strategic vaccination Nepal
Introduction Since the first PPR outbreak recorded in 1994, numerous outbreaks and heavy economic loss have been faced by Nepal [15, 18]. Within 5 years of first outbreak experience,
& Krishna Prasad Acharya [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Animal Quarantine Office (AQO), Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu, Nepal
2
Referral Veterinary Hospital, Tripureshwar, Kathmandu, Nepal
3
Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
it became rampant such that ended up being endemic in 68 out of 75 districts of Nepal [1, 15, 28] (Fig. 1). Currently, it is one of the most prioritized livestock diseases in Nepal and it comes under the list of diseases to notify to Veterinary Epidemiology Centre (VEC) under the Directorate of Animal Health (DoAH), the organizations responsible for study and control of animal diseases [15, 17]. Economic loss due to PPR accounts to approximately US $ 115.24 million per annum [6, 14]. The loss is mainly due to loss of animal (US $ 46.14 million) besides, cost of treatment (US $ 9.76 million), and production loss (around US $ 59.62 million) (Rajashekhar and Rao 2012 as cited in [21, 14]). In order to mitigate loss, Government of Nepal (GoN) had formulated a national PPR control program in consultation with its stakeholders such as ministry of finance, and international donor agencies [5]. The plan focused on three principles of disease control—active and passive surveillance of disease, vaccination to susceptible animal population, and public awareness by awareness campaigns [5]. These three principles of disease control have been employed all over the nation however, it could not become effective as expected [10], potentially due to multifactorial reasons. In this manuscript, we attempted to review overall plans and strategies to the date and suggest effective strategies for policymaking level.
Past and ongoing efforts to control PPR in Nepal First outbreak of PPR reported from southern districts of Nepal namely; Dhanusha, Mahottari, Bara, Sarlahi, and Rautahat
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