Praseodymium doped PbS thin films for optoelectronic applications prepared by nebulizer spray pyrolysis
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Praseodymium doped PbS thin films for optoelectronic applications prepared by nebulizer spray pyrolysis K. Paulraj1 · S. Ramaswamy2 · I. S. Yahia3,4 · A. M. Alshehri3 · H. H. Somaily3 · Hyun‑Seok Kim5 · A. Kathalingam6 Received: 12 March 2020 / Accepted: 30 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Simple nebulizer spray technique used pristine and rare earth praseodymium (Pr) doped PbS thin films coated on soda-lime glass and their optoelectronic properties are reported. Dopant concentration-dependent structural, morphological, optical, and electrical properties of the prepared films were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, EDAX, UV–visible spectrum. X-ray diffraction study revealed the growth of polycrystalline face-centered cubic PbS thin films without any impurities. Increase of doping concentration resulted in a decrease in peak intensity indicating the degradation of crystalline quality. The Raman peaks observed at 190, 240 and 464 nm justified the formation of PbS phase. Surface morphology of the films showed dopant concentration dependent compact and uniform distribution of grains on substrate. EDAX studies legitimized the existence of Pb, S, and Pr in the prepared films. Energy band gap values of the films were gradually increased from 2.18 to 2.69 eV for the increase of doping concentration from 0 to 5 wt%. The prepared films exhibited increased currents for the increase of doping concentration with reasonable photosensing effect in I–V measurements. Graphic abstract
Keywords PbS thin films · Praseodymium doping · nebulizer spray pyrolysis · Current–voltage measurement · photosensitivity study
1 Introduction * A. Kathalingam [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
In recent times, the studies on semiconducting materials have been kindled more interest due to their potential applications in photovoltaic and photothermal conversions [1].
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Lead sulfide (PbS), a IV–VI semiconducting material with direct band gap ~ 0.41 eV at room temperature and Bohr radius 18 nm [2–4] has attractive uses in solar cells, infrared detectors, tissue imaging, biosensors, and photodetector applications [5, 6]. Its band gap can be tailored to a wide range by tuning the shape and size of nanoparticles [7]. Many articles have been reported on PbS thin films owing to its admirable solar active nature compared with metallic films [8, 9]. PbS thin film has 10–50% transmittance in the visible region of the optical spectrum and 10–45% reflection in NIR region. PbS thin films are coated on glass substrates using different techniques such as electrodeposition, photochemical deposition, successive ionic surface adsorption and reaction (SILAR), chemical bath deposition, and spray pyrolysis [10–13]. Among these methods, the spray pyrolysis is a simple, fast and economical technique suitable for large area deposition. Particularly, particle size and thickness of the
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