Pre-Brodmann pioneers of cortical cytoarchitectonics II: Carl Hammarberg, Alfred Walter Campbell and Grafton Elliot Smit
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REVIEW
Pre‑Brodmann pioneers of cortical cytoarchitectonics II: Carl Hammarberg, Alfred Walter Campbell and Grafton Elliot Smith Lazaros C. Triarhou1 Received: 25 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study and the preceding paper revisit landmark discoveries that paved the way to the definition of the renowned Brodmann areas in the human cerebral cortex, in an attempt to rectify certain undeserved historical neglects. A ‘second period of discoveries’, from 1893 to 1908, is marked by the work of Carl Hammarberg (1865–1893) in Uppsala, Alfred Walter Campbell (1868–1937) in Liverpool and Grafton Elliot Smith (1871–1937) in Cairo. Their classical findings are placed in a modern perspective. Keywords Cerebral cortex · Brodmann areas · Cortical localization · History of neuroscience · Human brain function
Introduction The present study continues the review of contributions by pioneer researchers to the field of cytoarchitectonics of the cerebral cortex up to the landmark monograph of Korbinian Brodmann (1868–1918) that defined the well-known Brodmann areas (Brodmann 1909). The preceding companion article (Triarhou 2020) covers the work of Theodor Meynert (1833–1892), Vladimir Betz (1834–1894) and William Bevan-Lewis (1847–1929) from 1867 through 1882, which formed the foundations for the systematic study of the laminar organisation and regional variations of the cerebral cortex in the human brain. Here, I present the discoveries of the second triad of pioneers who historically contributed to the study of cortical cytoarchitecture from 1893 to 1908: Carl Hammarberg (1865–1893) in Sweden, Alfred Walter Campbell (1868–1937) in the United Kingdom and Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (1871–1937) in Egypt. Hammarberg, especially, seems to be one of those classically unrecognised figures of science outside his native Sweden. He was the first neurohistologist to distinguish the * Lazaros C. Triarhou [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Neuroscience, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts, University of Macedonia, Egnatia 156, Bldg. Z‑312, 54636 Thessalonica, Greece
cellular structure of diverse cortical regions in motor, sensory and limbic areas by producing excellent illustrations of the cortical layers, by providing extensive quantitative layer and cell measurements and by setting the stage for studying the cellular anatomy of neurodevelopmental mental disability (Hammarberg 1893, 1895). With the dawn of the twentieth century, Campbell (1904b, 1905b) and Elliot Smith (1907a, b) were also among the pioneers who provided extensive and detailed ‘maps’ of cortical area divisions. Campbell (1905b) in particular, working on a physiological, clinical and comparative morphological basis, presented a parcellation scheme of the most important cortical areas in humans and other mammals, simultaneously considering myeloarchitectonics, or the pattern of myelinated fibre distribution in the cortical layers. Technically speakin
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