Predictable events elicit less visual and temporal information uptake in an oddball paradigm
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Predictable events elicit less visual and temporal information uptake in an oddball paradigm Blake W. Saurels 1
&
Ottmar V. Lipp 1,2 & Kielan Yarrow 3 & Derek H. Arnold 1
# The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2019
Abstract In the visual oddball paradigm, surprising inputs can seem expanded in time relative to unsurprising repeated events. A horizontal input embedded in a train of successive vertical inputs can, for instance, seem relatively protracted in time, even if all inputs are presented for an identical duration. It is unclear if this effect results from surprising events becoming apparently protracted, or from repeated events becoming apparently contracted in time. To disambiguate, we used a non-relative duration reproduction task, in which several standards preceded a test stimulus that had to be reproduced. We manipulated the predictability of test content over successive presentations. Overall, our data suggest that predictable stimuli induce a contraction of apparent duration (Experiments 1, 3, and 4). We also examine sensitivity to test content, and find that predictable stimuli elicit less uptake of visual information (Experiments 2 and 3). We discuss these findings in relation to the predictive coding framework. Keywords Time perception . Oddball . prediction . visual sensitivity
Introduction Our perception of the passage of time is malleable (Augustine, 1960; Wittmann, 2013). Several means of altering apparent duration have been discovered and used experimentally (Block & Grondin, 2014; Grondin, 2010; Matthews & Meck, 2016). One is the oddball paradigm, where a surprising “odd” event seems longer than a train of predictable, repeated events (the temporal oddball effect; Pariyadath & Eagleman, 2007; Schindel, Rowlands, & Arnold, 2011; Tse, Intriligator, Rivest, & Cavanagh, 2004; Ulrich, Nitschke, & Rammsayer, 2006). Disagreement concerning how to interpret oddball results has led to two opposing accounts: the duration dilation account (Tse et al., 2004) and the duration contraction account (Pariyadath & Eagleman, 2007). The duration dilation account put forward by Tse et al. (2004) posits that the temporal oddball effect (TOE) results from an increase in subjective duration for surprising events.
* Blake W. Saurels [email protected] 1
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
2
School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
3
Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
These investigators found that the TOE only occurred for stimuli presented for longer than ~120 ms (also see Ulrich et al., 2006). This led them to suggest the effect works via attentional modulation, citing the similarity in timing between this and the time required for attention to be orientated to new stimuli (~120–150 ms; Hikosaka, Miyauchi, & Shimojo, 1993; Nakayama & Mackeben, 1989). They linked this idea to Treisman’s (1963) model of interval timing, suggesting that: “If attending to a stimulus boosts information processing of that stimulus, the count
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