Prediction of collapse potential of soils using gene expression programming and parametric study
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Prediction of collapse potential of soils using gene expression programming and parametric study Firdevs Uysal 1 Received: 5 March 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2020
Abstract Soil collapse is defined as a considerable reduction in soil volume when inundated under constantly applied pressure is known to be responsible for the failure of geotechnical structures such as highway/railway embankments and earth dams. Gene expression programming (GEP) is used as an artificial intelligence (AI) for the formulations of collapse potential in terms of the difference between the sand and clay percentages or the coefficient of uniformity, initial water content, initial dry unit weight, and wetting pressure in this paper. The experimental data available in the literature have been gathered for predicting collapse potential with the empirical formulations developed in the training and test sets of GEP-based models. Besides, additional experimental data derived from different literature are obtained to confirm the applicability and generalizability of the developed GEP-based formulations. The prediction performances of GEP models are compared to the experimental results and regression-based formulations proposed in the literature. These comparisons and statistical values obtained from analyses show that the GEPbased models are detected to be more effective methods to estimate the collapse potential. Moreover, a series of parametric analysis is conducted to perceive influences of input parameters on collapse potential by using GEP-based formulations. Keywords Collapse potential . Gene expression programming . Empirical formula . Parametric study
Introduction Collapsible soils are referred to as problematic soils, which exist particularly in arid or semi-arid areas in the world (Rabbi et al. 2014a; Li et al. 2016; Shalaby 2017). Arid environment conditions facilitate the formation of collapsible soils (Houston et al. 2001). Collapsible soils possess considerable strength in a dry state, but in the presence of a flood with water, they undergo a large change in volume. The soil suction decreases and inter-granular contacts between particles are weakened with increase in moisture content (Okonta 2012). The collapse occurs suddenly at any stress more than the soil has been wetted before (Pereira and Fredlund 2000; Houston et al. 2002; Khalili et al. 2004). The addition of water is the primary triggering mechanism for soil collapse (Knodel 1992; Houston et al. 2002). Damages incurred from the collapse are Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler * Firdevs Uysal [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
almost associated with the factors causing changes in water content such as flooding, rainwater precipitation, and capillary water (Houston et al. 1995; Lim and Miller 2004). Partial wetting also causes partial collapse of the soil (Houston et al. 1993). Soil collapse due to wetting is believed
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