Preparation of tetragonal barium titanate nanopowders by microwave solid-state synthesis
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Preparation of tetragonal barium titanate nanopowders by microwave solid‑state synthesis Haoyu Qian1 · Guisheng Zhu1 · Huarui Xu1 · Xiuyun Zhang1 · Yunyun Zhao1 · Dongliang Yan1 · Xianyong Hong1 · Yin Han1 · Zhenxiao Fu1 · Shiwo Ta2 · Aibing Yu3 Received: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 16 March 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Tetragonal-phase BaTiO3 powders of particle size 370 nm were synthesized by microwave sintering at 850 °C. The raw materials were BaCO3, TiO2, and alanine. SiC microspheres were used as microwave conductors. The effects of the holding time, sintering aids, and SiC addition on the preparation of B aTiO3 were investigated. The results indicate that the addition of SiC as a microwave acceptor leads to formation of microwave micro-regions. This enables uniform heating of the raw materials and decreases the calcination temperature needed to obtain BaTiO3. Alanine coordinates with Ba, and this loosens the metal–CO3 bond and promotes separation of CO2, decreases the B aCO3 decomposition temperature, and provides a higher nucleation site density. It gives an idea about the microwave solid-state synthesis of BaTiO3 powder. Keywords BaTiO3 · Tetragonal · SiC · Alanine · Microwave micro-region sintering
1 Introduction Perovskite oxide has many properties, e.g., piezoelectric, dielectric, and ferroelectric activities [1,2]. B aTiO3 is an important perovskite structure material. It is used in multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs), semiconductors, and electroluminescent panels [3,4]. The trend toward miniaturization of components in the electronics industry has increased interest in perovskite oxide nanopowders. For example, the fabrication of high-capacitance, small MLCCs requires the solid-state production of tetragonal-phase BaTiO3 nanopowders with small highly dispersed particles [5]. The development of methods for decreasing the
* Guisheng Zhu [email protected] 1
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Engineering Research Center of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Electronic Science and Technology, Guilin 541004, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Electronic Components, Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Holding Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 526020, China
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
particle size and improving the uniformity of the BaTiO3, while decreasing the synthesis temperature, is therefore a key issue. BaTiO3 can be synthesized by sol–gel [6,7], solid-state [8,9], hydrothermal [10,11], coprecipitation [12], and microwave methods [13]. B aTiO3 prepared by liquid-phase methods has hydroxyl lattice defects, and this leads to MLCC porosity during sintering [14]. B aTiO3 has been synthesized by a solid-state method below 1000 °C, with B aCO3 and TiO2 as the raw materials [15]. Although solid-state methods are cheap and simple, the products have a large average particle size, high ag
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