Prevalence of tracheopulmonary myiasis amidst humans
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ARTHROPODS AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY - SHORT COMMUNICATION
Prevalence of tracheopulmonary myiasis amidst humans Amandeep Singh 1 Received: 3 August 2020 / Accepted: 15 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Myiasis is a parasitic infestation of live vertebrates with the dipteran larvae that grow within the host while feeding on its living or dead tissue. Human myiasis is prevalent among individuals in close association of domestic animals and those inhabiting the unhygienic conditions. Open neglected suppurative wounds are the favourable sites that attract and stimulate the gravid female flies for oviposition. However, the poor personal hygiene, ignorance and the mental illness further add to it. Tracheopulmonary myiasis involves the infestation of foul smelling nasal and oral orifices or neglected wounds like tracheostomal incisions with the parasitic dipteran larvae which may extend up to the trachea, bronchi and lungs leading to serious health complications. Despite the incidence of human tracheopulmonary infestation is rare, the severe medical impediments and heterogeneous worldwide distribution signify the medical importance of this condition. The present manuscript reviews and summarizes the worldwide reported cases of human tracheopulmonary myiasis and the predisposing risk factors for onset of the same, as future reference for parasitologists and medical professionals. Keywords Myiasis . Tracheostomy . Dipteran larva
Introduction Myiasis is an invasion of tissues and organs of man and animals by dipteran larvae hatching from eggs laid by nonbiting flies on the open neglected wounds or foul smelling discharge from body orifices. Since ancient times, flies causing myiasis have been recognized the world’s most ravaging insects, accountable for drastic economic losses in livestock industry, including declined milk production, poor hide quality and fertility issues (Zumpt 1965). The condition is witnessed more frequently among man and domestic animals in tropical climate than the temperate ones. Human myiasis is quite common in slum areas where unsanitary conditions are prevalent. At the same time, it is an outcome of neglected health care and is considered as an embarrassing and abhorrent condition for the patients and to health care professionals (Singh and Singh 2019). The occurrence of myiasis can be correlated with extent of cleanliness, the massiveness of predominating fly
Section Editor: David Bruce Conn * Amandeep Singh [email protected] 1
Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, Amritsar, Punjab 143001, India
populations and the economic repute of the individual. Mentally retarded, physically challenged, immune-compromised, comatose patients and drug addicts are especially vulnerable to such infestations (Singh and Singh 2015). People living in rural areas and in close association with domestic animals such as dairy farmers and animal breeders are also at the risk. Minute inceptive infestations can often progress into larger
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