Problem Behavior Theory and the Dynamics of Protection and Risk
The relation of psychosocial protective factors to involvement in problem behavior—alcohol and drug use, delinquency, and sexual precocity—was investigated in a longitudinal study of 7th-, 8th-, and 9th-grade adolescents in a large, urban school district.
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Problem Behavior Theory and the Dynamics of Protection and Risk Richard Jessor, Jill Van Den Bos, Judith Vanderryn, Frances M. Costa, and Mark S. Turbin
Research on adolescent involvement in problem behavior, indeed, on adolescent behavior and development more generally, has become more complex in recent years. Multivariate inquiries now map both social and personal influences over time and are displacing single-variable, single-domain, cross-sectional approaches (Jessor, 1993). Increased complexity is also evident in studies that go beyond traditional concerns with demonstrating “main effects” to explore interactive relations among predictor variables as well, and to examine whether those interactions moderate predicted linkages with behavior. The latter kind of complexity is the focus of this article. We report an investigation of the relationships between psychosocial protective factors and involvement in problem behavior in adolescence: alcohol and drug use, delinquency, and sexual precocity. The effects of protective factors and their role as moderators of the relationship between risk factors and problem behavior are examined cross-sectionally as well as over time. Reprinted with permission from: Jessor, R., Van Den Bos, J., Vanderryn, J., Costa, F. M., & Turbin, M. S. (1995). Protective factors in adolescent problem behavior: Moderator effects and developmental change. Developmental Psychology, 31(6), 923–933. R. Jessor () Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA e-mail: [email protected] J. Van Den Bos Milliman Company, Denver, CO, USA J. Vanderryn Mountain View TLC, Durango, CO, USA F.M. Costa University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA M.S. Turbin Kalispell, MT, USA © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 R. Jessor, The Origins and Development of Problem Behavior Theory, Advancing Responsible Adolescent Development, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-40886-6_9
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Interest in protective factors emerged initially from work in developmental psychopathology. The observation, among children similarly exposed to risk for psychopathology, that many nevertheless escaped its impact or consequences led Garmezy and others (Garmezy, 1985; Garmezy & Masten, 1986; Rutter, 1987; Werner, 1989a, 1989b) to articulate variables that might be protective, that is, that might serve to moderate, buffer, or insulate against risk. Variation in risk alone had preoccupied previous researchers, but the new attention to protective factors provided a basis for investigators to account for individual differences in outcome in which exposure to risk was essentially held constant. More recently, the possibility of protective factors mitigating the impact of risk has been extended beyond psychopathology to involvement in adolescent drug and alcohol use (Brook, Whiteman, Cohen, & Tanaka, 1992; Felix-Ortiz & Newcomb, 1992; Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992; Stacy, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1992; Stacy, Sussman, Dent, Burton, & Flay, 1992; Wills, Vaccaro, & McNamara, 19
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