Procedural recommendations of cardiac PET/CT imaging: standardization in inflammatory-, infective-, infiltrative-, and i

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Procedural recommendations of cardiac PET/CT imaging: standardization in inflammatory-, infective-, infiltrative-, and innervation (4Is)-related cardiovascular diseases: a joint collaboration of the EACVI and the EANM Riemer H. J. A. Slart 1,2,3 & Andor W. J. M. Glaudemans 1 & Olivier Gheysens 4 & Mark Lubberink 5 & Tanja Kero 5,6 & Marc R. Dweck 7 & Gilbert Habib 8,9 & Oliver Gaemperli 10 & Antti Saraste 11,12 & Alessia Gimelli 13 & Panagiotis Georgoulias 14 & Hein J. Verberne 15 & Jan Bucerius 16 & Christoph Rischpler 17 & Fabien Hyafil 18,19 & Paola A. Erba 1,20,21 & 4Is Cardiovascular Imaging: a joint initiative of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) & the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) Received: 24 August 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020

Abstract With this document, we provide a standard for PET/(diagnostic) CT imaging procedures in cardiovascular diseases that are inflammatory, infective, infiltrative, or associated with dysfunctional innervation (4Is). This standard should be applied in clinical practice and integrated in clinical (multicenter) trials for optimal procedural standardization. A major focus is put on procedures using [18F]FDG, but 4Is PET radiopharmaceuticals beyond [18F]FDG are also described in this document. Whilst these novel tracers are currently mainly applied in early clinical trials, some multicenter trials are underway and we foresee in the near future their use in clinical care and This article is part of the Topical Collection on Cardiology. * Riemer H. J. A. Slart [email protected]

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HeartClinic, Hirslanden Hospital Zurich, Hirslanden, Switzerland

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Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland

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Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland

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Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, Pisa, Italy

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Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece

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Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Department of Nuclear Medicine, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany

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Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Department of Nuclear Medicine, DMU IMAGINA, Georges-Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris, F75015 Paris, France

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PARCC, INSERM, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France

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Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Medical Imaging Centre, Department of Nuclear medicine & Molecular Imaging (EB50), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Gro