Production of plant bioactive triterpenoid saponins: from metabolites to genes and back
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Production of plant bioactive triterpenoid saponins: from metabolites to genes and back Yve Veroˆnica da Silva Magedans Arthur Germano Fett-Neto
. Michael A. Phillips
.
Received: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 1 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Saponins are specialized plant terpenoids derived from the mevalonic acid pathway. Triterpenoid saponin cores are decorated with sugar residues, conferring a highly amphipathic nature to these molecules, which show hypocholesterolemic, immunoadjuvant and anti-inflammatory activities, among others. Natural sources of bioactive saponins are relevant in light of the technical challenges of chemical synthesis of these compounds. Current supply of high quality, homogeneous and renewable plant material falls short of industrial demand. Research regarding molecular regulation of saponin metabolism has advanced considerably in recent years. Recent studies have focused on transcriptome
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09722-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Y. V. da Silva Magedans Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil M. A. Phillips Department of Biology, University of Toronto – Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada A. G. Fett-Neto (&) Department of Botany and Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av Bento Gonc¸alves 9500, Bloco IV, Porto Alegre, RS 90650-001, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
analysis and identification of key transcription factors regulating gene expression patterns related to saponin biosynthesis. Biotechnological approaches to engineer saponin production in plants, organ and cell cultures, as well as development of heterologous expression systems, are being actively pursued as alternative sources of these high value plant terpenoids. It is expected that these efforts will impact industrial scale sustainable production systems in the coming years. Keywords Saponin Biosynthesis Transcription factors Triterpenes Natural products Abbreviations AcCoA Acetyl-CoA BAS Beta amyrin synthase DMADP Dimethylallyl diphosphate DS Dammarenediol synthase FDP Farnesyl diphosphate FDS Farnesyl diphosphate synthase HMG3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA CoA HMGR 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase HMGS 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase IDP Isopentenyl diphosphate MEP 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate MVA Mevalonic acid SE Squalene epoxidase
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Phytochem Rev
SS OSC SCPL
Squalene synthase Oxidosqualene cyclase Serine-carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferase
Introduction Saponins are specialized plant terpenoids mainly derived from the mevalonic acid pathway (Bach et al. 1999). Their name comes from the Latin word sapo, meaning soap, a term which reflects detergent qualities due to their amphipathic chemical nature. Saponins from dicotyledonous lineages feature a C30 triterpenoid hydrophobic core (sapogeni
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