Prospects of Genetics and Epigenetics of Alcohol Use Disorder
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ALCOHOL (A HEINZ, SECTION EDITOR)
Prospects of Genetics and Epigenetics of Alcohol Use Disorder Friederike Wedemeyer 1 & Jakob A. Kaminski 1,2
3
3
& Lea Zillich & Alisha S. M. Hall & Eva Friedel
1,2
& Stephanie H. Witt
3
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review In this study, we illustrate recent findings regarding the genetics and epigenetics of alcohol use disorder (AUD). We further outline the future direction of genetic and epigenetic research in AUD. Recent Findings Recent genome- and epigenome-wide studies allow new insight into genetic and epigenetic variation associated with AUD. The largest EWAS of AUD so far/to date found evidence for altered glucocorticoid receptor regulation. Longitudinal studies provide insight into the dynamics of the disease. Analyses of postmortem brain tissue reveal the impact of chronic alcohol consumption on DNA methylation in the brain. Summary Genetic and environmental factors—mediated via epigenetic mechanisms—play an important role in AUD. Although knowledge of the biological underpinnings of AUD is still limited, ongoing research will ultimately lead to the development of biomarkers for disease classification, course of disease, and treatment response to support personalized medicine in the future. Keywords Alcohol use disorder . Addiction . Genetics . Epigenetics . Neurobiology . Personalized medicine
Introduction The recent WHO global status report on alcohol and health estimates that alcohol is consumed by more than half of the population in both the USA and Europe. Harmful use of alcohol caused about 3 million deaths worldwide in 2016, which are 5.3% of all deaths [1]. In 2010, the costs of excessive drinking in the USA amounted to 249 billion US dollars, which is 46 billion dollars more than in 2006 [2]. Epidemiologic data on the DSM-5 classification of alcohol use disorder (AUD) in the years 2012 and 2013 in the USA Friederike Wedemeyer and Jakob A. Kaminski contributed equally to this work. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Alcohol * Jakob A. Kaminski [email protected] 1
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Campus Mitte (CCM), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
2
Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
3
Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
showed that the 12-month and lifetime prevalences of AUD were 13.9% and 29.1%, respectively [3]. Compared with similar data from 2002, alcohol consumption among US adults has increased over the course of a decade [4]. Prevalence of AUD in countries of the European Union, Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland was estimated at 23 million affected people in 2010, equivalent to 3.4% among people 18–64 years of age [5]. A meta-analysis showed that mortality is significantly higher in persons with alcohol dependence, but a reductio
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