Prostitution
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ith the local health system and to help individuals develop leadership skills so they can advocate on behalf of the community they represent. The promotora serves as a “bridge” between the formal health system and the community by providing services to residents in a culturally appropriate manner, while increasing the ability of the health system to provide health care in ways that respect the culture and health beliefs of the population. The key to the success of promotora models for providing health education and health promotion services is that the promotoras are recruited from the neighborhoods where services are needed; the women generally have extensive social networks, are often already turned to for health advice, and may serve a leadership role within the community (e.g., the owner of a local business, the spouse of a local religious leader, a community organizer). Research has shown that promotoras have certain characteristics that contribute to their success, including compassion, a sense of connectedness to the community, and a commitment to community service. SEE ALSO: Gender, Healers
Suggested Reading Eng, E., Parker, E., & Harlan, C. (1997). Lay health advisor intervention strategies: A continuum from natural helping to paraprofessional helping. Health Education & Behavior, 24(4), 413–417. Ramos, I. N., May, M., & Ramos, K. S. (2001). Environmental health training of promotoras in colonias along the Texas–Mexico border. American Journal of Public Health, 91(4), 568–570. Schulz, A. J., Israel, B. A., Becker, A. B., & Hollis, R. M. (1997). “It’s a 24-hour thing…a living-for-each-other concept”: Identity, networks, and community in an urban village health worker project. Health Education & Behavior, 24(2), 465–480. Scott, B. S. (2003). Latina promotoras educate farmworkers. Closing the gap, January/February. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health Resource Center.
LINDA S. LLOYD
Prostitution Though estimates vary significantly due to the illicit nature and social stigma of prostitution, research suggests that more than one million people, or 1% of the population, currently “work the streets and parlors” of the United States as prostitutes. Prostitution, often referred to as the oldest “trade” or profession,
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Prostitution reportedly dates back to the historic times of ancient Greece, but one may assume that prostitution infected the earliest civilization and every society since then at varying rates. Research on prostitution in 19th-century New York City documents that as many as 10–15% of its young women prostituted themselves on a temporary or long-term basis, outpacing the income of many major developing economic industries of the time. Street prostitution varies by city type, ranging from 10–20% in larger cities to 50% in smaller cities. Gender estimates for prostitutes similarly vary city by city, with larger cities believed to have a higher concentration of male prostitutes, upward of 20–30%, while in certain cities (e.g., San Francisco), it is est
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