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Proving It Her Way Emmy Noether, a Life in Mathematics

Proving It Her Way

David E. Rowe • Mechthild Koreuber

Proving It Her Way Emmy Noether, a Life in Mathematics

David E. Rowe Mathematics Institute Mainz University Mainz, Germany

Mechthild Koreuber Chief gender equality officer Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany

ISBN 978-3-030-62810-9 ISBN 978-3-030-62811-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62811-6 Mathematics Subject Classification (2020): 01A60, 01A70, 01A72, 01A73 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Emmy Noether, ca. 1920. SUB Göttingen, Sammlung Voit, no. 4. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents Preface

vii

1

Diving into Math with Emmy Noether 1.1 Emmy Noether’s Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Four Mathematicians from Noether’s Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Name Dropping: A Who’s Who . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 2 6 8

2

Emmy Noether: a Portrait 2.1 Biographical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Modern Algebra and the Noether School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Belated Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 15 26 37

3

Max 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

. . . . .

41 42 46 55 61 64

4

Emmy Noether’s Long Struggle to Habilitate in Göttingen 4.1 Habilitation as the Last Hurdle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Noether’s Attempt to Habilitate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67 67 71

5

Noether’s Early Contributions to Modern Algebra 5.1 On the Rise of Abstract Algebra . . . . . . . 5.2 Van der Waerden i