Psychiatric Comorbidity in Migraine and Chronic Headache
Headache disorders are a public health priority as they are associated with significant disability and psychosocial impairment worldwide [64, 83]. Migraine is currently recognized as one of the major causes of lost days from work and school every year, an
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Psychiatric Comorbidity in Migraine and Chronic Headache Gianluca Serafini, Shuu-Jiun Wang, Dorian Lamis, Martina Curto, Paolo Girardi, Mario Amore, and Maurizio Pompili
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Introduction
Headache disorders are a public health priority as they are associated with significant disability and psychosocial impairment worldwide [64, 83]. Migraine is currently recognized as one of the major causes of lost days from work and school every year, and it is also responsible for severe lifestyle restrictions [84, 85]. Twice as common as tension-type headache, migraine is the most frequent primary headache and accounts for 22 % of all headache diagnoses, whereas other unspecified headache types may be observed in 18 % of cases [84, 85]. As reported by Lipton et al. [56], migraine is common in the United States (USA) with approximately 12 % of the general population suffering from a migraine in a given year. Moreover, it is usually associated with several comorbid psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder [9, 45, 84]. Headache is often accompanied by both behavioral and somatic symptoms that may
G. Serafini • M. Amore Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy S.-J. Wang Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan D. Lamis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA M. Curto Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Department of Molecular Medicine, Sant’Andrea Medical Center, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy P. Girardi • M. Pompili, MD, PhD (*) Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University of Rome, Via di Grottarossa 1035–1039, Rome 00189, Italy e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 M.A. Giamberardino, P. Martelletti (eds.), Comorbidities in Headache Disorders, Headache, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41454-6_2
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be linked at multiple levels with psychiatric comorbidity [71]. Importantly, individuals with migraine and psychiatric comorbidity more frequently use healthcare services and experience a lower quality of life compared to those suffering from migraine without psychiatric comorbidity [70]. This comorbidity, especially when untreated, may have a negative impact on treatment outcomes, which enhance the risk of migraine chronicity as well as the evolution of episodic migraine into chronic migraine, strengthening the individual disability and psychosocial impairment [69]. Various studies examining the prevalence and impact of psychiatric disorders among patients with migraine and other types of headache have mainly focused on the impact of comorbid major depression, anxiety, substance abuse/dependence, and suicide behavio
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