Psychoanalysis
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ted Reading Cleves-Mosse, J. (1993). Half the world, half a chance. An introduction to gender and development. UK and Ireland: Oxfam. Elias, J. E., Bullough, V. L., Elias, V., & Brewer, G. (Eds.). (1998). Prostitution, whores, hustlers, and johns. New York: Prometheus Books. Sanger, W. W. (2002). The history of prostitution. Its extents, causes and effects throughout the world. Amsterdam: Fredonia Books.
SUSANNE MONTGOMERY HEATHER DIAZ
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is an intensive treatment method based on the observation that people are usually unaware of the factors responsible for their symptoms, difficulties at work, relationships, moods, irrational fears, and a general inability to enjoy life and live up to their potential. Psychoanalysis is also a basic psychological theory of normal as well as pathological human development and personality formation. Psychoanalysis emphasizes relationships, awareness of defensive processes, understanding of basic needs and wishes, and recognition of transference in all human relationships. Transference is the influence of past relationships and feelings on present relationships. Psychoanalytic understanding of how the mind functions is the basis of psychoanalytic treatment and psychodynamic “talking therapy.” It originated in Sigmund Freud’s discovery of the unconscious and how it reveals
itself in dreams, slips of the tongue, and unintended actions. Freud (1856–1939) learned that the most effective way to help patients is to urge them to say whatever comes to mind without censor (“free associating”—free from conscious control) while lying on a couch, not influenced by visual feedback from the doctor. In this way a patient could become aware of the impulses he or she is repressing from consciousness because they are in conflict with his or her moral standards or the requirements of reality and the society in which we live. This awareness, as well as learning how the past created some of the conflicts hidden in the unconscious, may relieve painful emotional symptoms and maladaptive behaviors interfering with relationships, work, and play. Insight is made possible by reliving the intense feelings of the past in the present relationship with the analyst in the confidential, respectful atmosphere established in this long-term exclusive treatment relationship. It allows a patient to correct the misfit of past experience and a child’s perception with the present experience and understanding of the adult. Freud published his basic theory in 1900 in his book The Interpretation of Dreams. Freud’s theory evolved through several phases as he continued learning from listening to his patients. He first concentrated on making the unconscious conscious. The unconscious was considered to be mainly the repository of the biologically based sexual and aggressive drives. Freud focused on the sexual drives; he named the energy fuelling them “libido.” Freud described the following overlapping stages of psychosexual development: oral (age 0–2 years) where the infant’s life-preserving and sensual
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