Psychometric Properties of the DASS-21 Among Latina/o College Students by the US-Mexico Border
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Psychometric Properties of the DASS-21 Among Latina/o College Students by the US-Mexico Border ´ lvaro Camacho1,2 • Elizabeth D. Cordero2 • Tara Perkins2 A
Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Anxious-depression symptomatology is frequently encountered among Latina/o individuals. There is a dearth of studies that examine this mixed class of anxiety and depression symptomatology, especially among Latina/ o college students by the US-Mexico border. A total of 505 participants from rural institutions of higher education completed the DASS21. Psychometric properties were measured by means of confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to determine gender differences in depression, anxiety and stress. Among women, 18 % reported at least moderate levels of depressive symptoms, 33.1 % reported at least moderate levels of anxiety symptoms, and 16.4 % reported at least moderate levels of stress. In men, 15.9 % reported at least moderate levels of depressive symptoms, 34.1 % reported at least moderate levels of anxiety symptoms, and 12.9 % reported at least moderate levels of stress. The EFA supported a one dimension factor (anxious/stress-depression) among this sample of Latina/o college students (Bartlett’s test = 4960.9; df = 210; p B 0.01; Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin = 0.95). The MANOVA found no significant gender differences in depression, anxiety symptomatology and stress [Wilks’K = 0.99; F = (3, 500) = 2.41; p = 0.07]. The DASS-21 showed a one dimensional construct of anxious/ stress-depression symptomatology in a Latina/o rural
´ lvaro Camacho & A [email protected] 1
Departments of Psychiatry, Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 2417 Marshall Ave. Ste 4, Imperial, San Diego, CA 92251, USA
2
Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, Imperial Valley, San Diego, CA, USA
undergraduate sample, raising awareness to the need to screen and monitor this constellation of symptoms. Keywords Latino/a college student Anxiousdepression Screening DASS-21
Introduction Studies have reported that some Latina/os present with mixed anxious-depression symptomatology which have been frequently associated with social factors that manifest with episodes of severe anxiety and depression, or stress/ nerves (‘‘nervios’’) [1, 2]. A recent study among Latina/os of different backgrounds in the United States reported a 30 % prevalence of moderate anxious-depression symptomatology [3]. Despite this considerable prevalence of anxious-depression symptomatology, there continues to be controversy in this construct due to the heterogeneity of the diagnostic definition [4, 5], especially among Latina/os. According to the 5th edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5), anxious-depression refers to a major depressive episode with an added specifier of anxiety symptoms [6]. Other studies have reported anxious-depression as a major depressive episode with a high score in
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