Psychometric Scales Measuring Hypersomnolence
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HYPERSOMNIA DISORDERS (DT PLANTE, SECTION EDITOR)
Psychometric Scales Measuring Hypersomnolence Katherine A. Kaplan 1
&
Caitlin E. Gasperetti 2
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Hypersomnolence is a common complaint in clinical practice. Subjective measurement of hypersomnolence is complicated by evolving definitions across diagnostic nomenclatures and limited by psychometric scales which focus exclusively on single facets of hypersomnolence. The present article reviews existing and emerging measures to assess subjective hypersomnolence and discusses psychometric validation, clinical utility, and use considerations of various scales. Recent Findings The majority of scales in adult and pediatric populations focus exclusively on excessive sleepiness. Two instruments have recently been developed which assess hypersomnolence across multiple domains (long sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep inertia) together with functional impairment and are intended for use in specific populations. Summary A variety of validated scales may be used to assess hypersomnolence depending on clinical or research considerations. Future research is needed to examine the temporal stability and clinical sensitivity of various measures, their relationship to objective measures of sleep/sleepiness, and greater inclusion of scale items specific to long total sleep time. Keywords Hypersomnolence . Hypersomnia . Subjective sleepiness . Long sleep . Excessive sleepiness . Sleep measurement
Introduction Hypersomnolence is generally defined via excessive daytime sleepiness, excessive nighttime or daytime sleep, and/or difficulty waking from sleep. Subjective complains of hypersomnolence can reflect an underlying untreated sleep disorder (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, circadian rhythm misalignment), central disorder of hypersomnolence (e.g., idiopathic hypersomnia, narcolepsy), accompanying psychiatric This article is part of the Topical Collection on Hypersomnia Disorders * Katherine A. Kaplan [email protected] 1
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
2
Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder), or issue related to sleep schedule (e.g., shift work, behaviorally induced insufficient sleep). Perhaps because its etiology may be multifactorial, hypersomnolence is a common complaint. In a sample of 15,929 adults reflecting the US population who completed a telephone-based interview, 27.8% endorsed excessive sleepiness [1]. Likewise, a recent analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement data (N = 6483) suggested nearly 12% of adolescents endorsed hypersomnolence as defined by DSM-5 Criterion A [2•]. When the definition of hypersomnia was refined to add frequency and duration criteria (three times per week for 3 months despite a 7-h main sleep period) as well as functional impairment criteria, p
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