Public Service Collections and Biological Resource Centers of Microorganisms
From its very beginning in the second half of the nineteenth century, microbiology as a scientific discipline recognized the need to preserve microbial resources for scientific studies and as reference material by the establishment of research collections
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Prokaryotic Holdings in Public Service Collections . . . . . . . 270 Gaps and Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Non-type Strains as an Important Source of Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Recent EU Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 MIRRI: A New Initiative Within the EU Strategy Level of ESFRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Toward a Global Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Capacity Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Paradigm Shift: From Collections to Biological Resource Centers (BRCs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Meeting the Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Introduction of Quality Management Systems, Accreditation, OECD Best Practice Guidelines . . . . . . . . . 277 Quality and Certification: Costs and Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . 279 User Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 BRC Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Financial Sustainability of Public Service Collections and BRCs and Networks in Both Developed and Developing Nations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Financial Models for Biological Resource Centers . . . . . . 280 Culture Collection Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Developing Income Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Commercial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Research Program Funding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Government Department Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Other Financial Aspects of Operating a BRC Network (as Identified by the OECD Workshop on Funding Models) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Strategic Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Operational Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Collections and Their Users: The Need to Know Each Other Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Scientific-Technical Cooperation Among Microbial Culture Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Examples for Joint Activities and Global Cooperation . . . . 289 EU Projects Tackling Quali
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