Acute Exercise and Gastric Emptying: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Appetite Control
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Acute Exercise and Gastric Emptying: A Meta-Analysis and Implications for Appetite Control Katy M. Horner • Matthew M. Schubert • Ben Desbrow • Nuala M. Byrne • Neil A. King
Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
Abstract Background Gastric emptying (GE) could influence exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy intake. GE also could contribute to changes in gastric symptoms and the availability of nutrients during exercise, which will subsequently affect performance. Objective The objective of this review was to determine the effects of acute exercise on GE using a systematic review and meta-analysis. The most common parameters to determine GE were selected, consisting of half-emptying time and volume emptied. Oral-caecal transit time (OCTT) was also examined. Data Sources Research databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost, SPORTDiscus) were searched through November 2013 for original studies, abstracts, theses and dissertations that examined the influence of acute exercise on GE.
K. M. Horner and M. M. Schubert contributed equally to this work.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0285-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. K. M. Horner N. A. King School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia K. M. Horner Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Study Selection Studies were included if they evaluated GE or OCTT during and/or after exercise and involved a resting control trial. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Initially, 195 studies were identified. After evaluation of study characteristics and quality and validity, data from 20 studies (35 trials) involving 221 participants (157 men; 52 women; 12 unknown) were extracted for meta-analysis. Randomeffects meta-analyses were utilised for the three main outcome variables, and effect sizes (ES) are reported as Hedge’s g due to numerous small sample sizes. Results Random-effects modelling revealed non-significant and small/null main effect sizes for volume emptied (ES = 0.195; 95 % CI -0.25 to 0.64), half-time (ES = -0.109, 95 % CI -0.66 to 0.44) and OCTT (ES = 0.089; 95 % CI -0.64 to 0.82). All analyses exhibited significant heterogeneity and numerous variables moderated the results. There was a dose response of exercise intensity; at lower intensities GE was faster, and at high exercise intensities GE was slower. Walking was associated with faster GE and cycling with slower GE. Greater volume of meal/fluid ingested, higher osmolality of beverage and Present Address: M. M. Schubert (&) Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Physical Activity and Weight Management, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA e-mail: [email protected] N. M. Byrne Faculty of
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