Quantification of Fishmeal in Compound Feed Using NIR Spectroscopy
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Quantification of Fishmeal in Compound Feed Using NIR Spectroscopy Xiaowen Lv & Hui Li & Jing Wang & Yingchao Dong & Junguo Li & Yuchang Qin
Received: 12 March 2012 / Accepted: 30 August 2012 / Published online: 8 September 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012
Abstract Analysis of fishmeal concentrations in feedstuff is critical to quality control and ingredient statement of commercial feed. Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) determination for fishmeal was established through the spectral data processed by mean center, normalization, Savitzky– Golay first, partial least square 1 and cross validation. The coefficient of determination (R2) of NIRS calibration model, the standard error estimated by cross validation (SECV) were 0.9554 and 0.9541, respectively. At the same time, the coefficient of determination of validation was 0.9867. Moreover, it has been proven to be directly correlated between the fishmeal spectra and the loading of the second principal components, and the coefficient of determination of the spectra of the calibration model. These results support
X. Lv and H. Li contributed equally to this work. X. Lv : H. Li : Y. Dong : J. Li : Y. Qin Feed Safety Reference Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China X. Lv Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA H. Li Inspection Center of Feed Quality in Qingdao, Qingdao, China J. Wang Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Y. Qin (*) Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhongguanchun South Street 12, 100081, Beijing, China e-mail: [email protected]
our theory that the NIRS method constructed in our study could be used to quantify fishmeal in compound feeds. Keywords NIRS . Quantification . Fishmeal . Real-time PCR
Introduction Because economically motivated fraud in the food chain is inevitable, food control systems must pay greater attention to intentional adulterations (Lachenmeier et al. 2009), and tools designed to rapidly identify cases will be necessary in the era of free trade and globalization (Bhalla et al. 2009). Nowadays, all stages of the production and distribution of feed have been regulated in some subjects, including ingredient declaration, labeling and traceability (Verstraete 2011). Each ingredient used in the manufacture of a commercial feed is required to be appropriately labelled in a large number of countries, such as the United States, the European Union and China. Fishmeal is an excellent but costly protein source for feed formulation. Due to increasing price and declining production of fishmeal, it becomes more popular to replace fishmeal with other protein sources in commercial feed (Péron et al. 2010; Pratoomyot et al. 2010). Moreover, to prevent the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), fishmeal and processed animal proteins has been prohibited to feed ruminants in most countries (Europ
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