Quantum Computing: Survey and Analysis
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QUANTUM COMPUTING: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS M. M. Savchuk1† and A. V. Fesenko1‡
UDC 004.383
Abstract. The authors survey and analyze the main concepts and postulates of the quantum computing model, efficient quantum algorithms, and recent results, capabilities, and prospects in constructing a scalable quantum computer. A certain class of algebraic problems in the quantum computing model is considered for which there exists an efficient quantum solution algorithm. A detailed analysis of available quantum computer implementations was carried out, and it is shown that sufficient progress has not yet been made in constructing a scalable quantum computing device; nevertheless, most researchers expect that a full-fledged quantum computer will be created in the next 10–15 years. Keywords: quantum computing model, quantum cryptography, quantum computer, efficient quantum algorithm, postquantum cryptographic primitive. INTRODUCTION We are fortunate to be witnesses and contemporaries of great theoretical discoveries and practical inventions and achievements in the information sphere, which have changed our whole life, our world, and its understanding. It is even hard to imagine what new changes are awaiting us already in the near future owing to new achievements in the field of telecommunication and classical computer and quantum computing. It is obvious that the level of development of society in the economic and other spheres of its life directly depends on the amount of information that can be actively used by different layers of society and on the ability to efficiently store it and to quickly process and transmit it. Recall that the levels of development of a society were also closely associated earlier with information revolutions. In particular, the formation of the tribal way of life is connected with the origin and development of languages and language communication; the creation of states of the ancient world took place simultaneously with the invention and development of writing systems that allowed to realize long-term information storage on material carriers and to efficiently transmit it in space and time; the European renaissances and industrial revolution are connected with book-printing, which tens of thousands of times increased the amount of information used. According to different estimated data, the approximate amount of information used by society after these information revolutions amounted to 10 9 , 1011 , and 1017 information bits. At the beginning of the modern information era, the first electronic digital computer ENIAC (1945) weighed 27 tons, consumed 174 kW, and had a memory size of 20 numbers-words and a clock frequency of 100 kHz. It is interesting that, four years later, in the book “Popular mechanics” of 1949, the following forecast was given: “Computers of the future can weigh no more than 1.5 tons.” Today, the miniaturization and operation speed of digital computing devices have reached a level that makes it possible to speak about intelligent systems with almost fantastic capabilities, and th
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