Quantum direct communication protocols using discrete-time quantum walk
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Quantum direct communication protocols using discrete-time quantum walk S. Srikara1 · C. M. Chandrashekar2,3 Received: 14 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The unique features of quantum walk, such as the possibility of the walker to be in superposition of the position space and get entangled with the position space, provide inherent advantages that can be captured to design highly secure quantum communication protocols. Here we propose two quantum direct communication protocols, a quantum secure direct communication protocol and a controlled quantum dialogue (CQD) protocol using discrete-time quantum walk on a cycle. The proposed protocols are unconditionally secure against various attacks such as the intercept-resend attack, the denial of service attack, and the man-in-the-middle attack. Additionally, the proposed CQD protocol is shown to be unconditionally secure against an untrusted service provider and both the protocols are shown more secure against the intercept resend attack as compared to the qubit-based LM05/DL04 protocol. Keywords Quantum direct communication · Quantum dialogue · Quantum walk
1 Introduction The research in quantum cryptography, which first started with the BB84 quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol [1], was later followed up with the design and the study of various novel QKD schemes [2–4]. These protocols were designed to securely generate a secret key between two parties, which would then be used to encode the message via a one-time pad. Most of the research in quantum cryptography was concentrated on QKD, until during 2002-2005, when few new protocols were introduced [5–9]. These protocols were called quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols. In
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C. M. Chandrashekar [email protected]
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Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune 411008, India
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The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C. I. T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India 0123456789().: V,-vol
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S. Srikara, C. M. Chandrashekar
2002, the first QSDC protocol was proposed in the form of a deterministic key that could transmit the secret message [5,6]. In 2003, the standard form of QSDC without the requirement of a key was proposed [7] and in 2004 and 2005 a single photon-based protocol called DL04 was proposed [8]. Recently, the device-independent QSDC protocol [10] and measurement device-independent QSDC protocol [11,12] have also been proposed. In 2004, a two-way quantum direct communication protocol was introduced, called the quantum dialogue (QD) [13]. Unlike QSDC protocols where communication is just one way, in QD protocols both the parties interact with each other, i.e. communication is two ways. This quantum dialogue protocol was extended to a controlled quantum dialogue protocol (CQD), in which a third party provides the quantum services for communication [14]. The QSDC, QD and the
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