Quantum Dynamical Semigroups and Applications

Reinvigorated by advances and insights, in particular from the active fields of quantum information and computing, the quantum theory of irreversible processes has recently attracted growing attention. This volume introduces the very basic concepts of sem

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ecture Notes in Physics The series Lecture Notes in Physics (LNP), founded in 1969, reports new developments in physics research and teaching – quickly and informally, but with a high quality and the explicit aim to summarize and communicate current knowledge in an accessible way. Books published in this series are conceived as bridging material between advanced graduate textbooks and the forefront of research to serve the following purposes: • to be a compact and modern up-to-date source of reference on a well-defined topic; • to serve as an accessible introduction to the field to postgraduate students and nonspecialist researchers from related areas; • to be a source of advanced teaching material for specialized seminars, courses and schools. Both monographs and multi-author volumes will be considered for publication. Edited volumes should, however, consist of a very limited number of contributions only. Proceedings will not be considered for LNP. Volumes published in LNP are disseminated both in print and in electronic formats, the electronic archive is available at springerlink.com. The series content is indexed, abstracted and referenced by many abstracting and information services, bibliographic networks, subscription agencies, library networks, and consortia. Proposals should be sent to a member of the Editorial Board, or directly to the managing editor at Springer: Dr. Christian Caron Springer Heidelberg Physics Editorial Department I Tiergartenstrasse 17 69121 Heidelberg/Germany [email protected]

Robert Alicki Karl Lendi

Quantum Dynamical Semigroups and Applications

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Authors Robert Alicki University Gdansk Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics Wita Stwosza 57 80-952 Gda´nsk, Poland E-mail: [email protected]

Karl Lendi University of Zürich Institute of Physical Chemistry Winterthurer Str. 190 8057 Zürich, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]

R. Alicki and K. Lendi, Quantum Dynamical Semigroups and Applications, Lect. Notes Phys. 717 (Springer, Berlin Heidelberg 2007), DOI 10.1007/b11976790

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007920178 ISSN 0075-8450 ISBN-10 3-540-70860-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-70860-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-10 3-540-18276-4 published originally as Vol. 286 in Lecture Notes in Physics (1987) This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007  The use of general descriptive na