Rapid Scan EPR Imaging as a Tool for Magnetic Field Mapping
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Applied Magnetic Resonance
ORIGINAL PAPER
Rapid Scan EPR Imaging as a Tool for Magnetic Field Mapping Oxana Tseytlin1,3 · Andrey A. Bobko1,3 · Mark Tseytlin1,2,3 Received: 16 June 2020 / Revised: 24 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Functional four-dimensional spectral–spatial electron paramagnetic imaging (EPRI) is routinely used in biomedical research. Positions and widths of EPR lines in the spectral dimension report oxygen partial pressure, pH, and other important parameters of the tissue microenvironment. Images are measured in the homogeneous external magnetic field. An application of EPRI is proposed in which the field is perturbed by a magnetized object. A proof-of-concept imaging experiment was conducted, which permitted visualization of the magnetic field created by this object. A single-line lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine spin probe was used in the experiment. The spectral position of the EPR line directly measured the strength of the perturbation field with spatial resolution. A three-dimensional magnetic field map was reconstructed as a result. Several applications of this technology can be anticipated. First is EPRI/MPI co-registration, where MPI is an emerging magnetic particle imaging technique. Second, EPRI can be an alternative to magnetic field cameras that are used for the development of high-end permanent magnets and their assemblies, consumer electronics, and industrial sensors. Besides the high resolution of magnetic field readings, EPR probes can be placed in the internal areas of various assemblies that are not accessible by the standard sensors. Third, EPRI can be used to develop systems for magnetic manipulation of cell cultures.
* Mark Tseytlin [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
2
West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
3
In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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1 Introduction Functional electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging has been successfully used in a wide range of biomedical studies [1–14]. Besides the distribution of spin probes, spatial distributions of several tissue microenvironment markers, such as oxygen partial pressure, pH or redox status have been measured [2, 5, 15–21]. Functional information is encoded into an additional spectral and/or temporal dimension [22, 23]. As a result, the images become four or even five dimensional [24]. Rapid scan (RS) EPR is the method of choice for spectral–spatial imaging, especially when multi-line spin probes are used. This technique demonstrates higher sensitivity in comparison with the conventional first-derivative continuous wave (CW) EPR [1, 2, 9, 24–34]. RS spectra can be captured on a microsecond time scale. Thousands of projections can be measured within a very small-time interval, which is an imprortant factor
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