Realization of fluoride sensor using two dimensional photonic structures and machine learning model
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TECHNICAL PAPER
Realization of fluoride sensor using two dimensional photonic structures and machine learning model G. Palai1,2
•
T. K. Patra2,3
•
Sribatsa Behera2,3
Received: 18 August 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 Ó Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Present research computes the concentration of fluoride in water with the help of all type of two dimensional photonic structures and machine learning model. The current work has a certain primacy relating to the several types of losses in the photonic structures. Further this paper considers silicon based square, triangular and honeycomb based two dimensional photonic crystal structures. Aside this, mathematical models are developed using the linear regression algorithm to prophesy the concentration of fluoride in the water by knowing the power emerging from the proposed structure. Moreover the above said machine learning model discloses the relationship between concentration of fluoride and output power as concentration ¼ 17979 output power 11548; concentration ¼ 7902:8 output power 4438:2 and concentration ¼ 446:47 output power 274 with the error of 5.405%, 6.6762%, and 15.806% corresponding to the square, triangular and honeycomb structure respectively. Finally, the present model indicates that both square and triangular photonic structures are paramount candidates to estimate the fluoride concentration rather honeycomb as it suffers glut error.
1 Introduction Fluoride is a fairy common, naturally occurring mineral. It is highly toxic in most forms and it is sold as rat poison. Some well water contains high amount of fluoride. It must be removed before the water can be used for drinking. Aside this, some natural spring waters are high in fluoride and these must be avoided for optimum health. As far as mining water is concerned, fluoride compounds are waste product in the same. Amount of fluoride in mining water is a headache now a days. Fluoride in mines water plays an important role with respect to health hazard in society. Estimation of fluoride in this water is a challengeable nowa-days. Though different techniques have been considered for estimation of the same, the accuracy of measurement
& G. Palai [email protected] 1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement, Bhubaneswar, India
2
Department of Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, Technocampus, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar, India
3
Biju Patnaik University and Technology, Odisha, Rourkela, India
plays a critical role for the same. Even though the removal of fluoride from ground water is challengeable now a days, a lot of works have appeared in literature to carry out the same (Feenstra et al. 2007). As far as literature survey on the same is concerned, different methods such as activated alumina, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electro-dialysis, nalgonda process, contact precipitation, bone charco
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