Recent achievements obtained by chloroplast transformation
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Adem et al. Plant Methods (2017) 13:30 DOI 10.1186/s13007-017-0179-1
Open Access
REVIEW
Recent achievements obtained by chloroplast transformation Muhamed Adem1,2* , Dereje Beyene1 and Tileye Feyissa1,3
Abstract Chloroplasts play a great role for sustained wellbeing of life on the planet. They have the power and raw materials that can be used as sophisticated biological factories. They are rich in energy as they have lots of pigment-protein complexes capable of collecting sunlight, in sugar produced by photosynthesis and in minerals imported from the plant cell. Chloroplast genome transformation offers multiple advantages over nuclear genome which among others, include: integration of the transgene via homologus recombination that enables to eliminate gene silencing and position effect, higher level of transgene expression resulting into higher accumulations of foreign proteins, and significant reduction in environmental dispersion of the transgene due to maternal inheritance which helps to minimize the major critic of plant genetic engineering. Chloroplast genetic engineering has made fruit full progresses in the development of plants resistance to various stresses, phytoremediation of toxic metals, and production of vaccine antigens, biopharmaceuticals, biofuels, biomaterials and industrial enzymes. Although successful results have been achieved, there are still difficulties impeding full potential exploitation and expansion of chloroplast transformation technology to economical plants. These include, lack of species specific regulatory sequences, problem of selection and shoot regeneration, and massive expression of foreign genes resulting in phenotypic alterations of transplastomic plants. The aim of this review is to critically recapitulate the latest development of chloroplast transformation with special focus on the different traits of economic interest. Keywords: Chloroplast transformation, Novel traits, Homologus recombination, Transgene, Regulatory sequences Background World population is expected to rise to 9.2 billion in 2050. In order to feed the rising population food production has to grow in parallel. The problem is that arable land is exploited to its potential (High Level Expert Forum, FAO, October 2009; http://www.fao.org). Advancement in agricultural biotechnology particularly plant genetic engineering is believed to boost crop productivity. Due to enormous rewards crucial traits have been engineered via chloroplast genome instead of nuclear genome. It is amazing that more than 120 genes from various sources have been well integrated and expressed via the chloroplast genome for various applications. Aims of these applications include, developing crops with high levels of *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box. 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
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