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REVIEW PAPER--PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

Recent comprehensive review for extended finite element method (XFEM) based on hydraulic fracturing models for unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs Belladonna Maulianda1 · Cindy Dhevayani Savitri1   · Aruvin Prakasan1 · Eziz Atdayev2 · Twon Wai Yan1 · Yew Kwang Yong1 · Khaled Abdalla Elrais1 · Reza Barati3 Received: 22 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing has been around for several decades since 1860s. It is one of the methods used to recover unconventional gas reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing design is a challenging task due to the reservoir heterogeneity, complicated geological setting and in situ stress field. Hence, there are plenty of fracture modelling available to simulate the fracture initiation and propagation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review on hydraulic fracturing modelling based on current hydraulic fracturing literature. Fundamental theory of hydraulic fracturing modelling is elaborated. Effort is made to cover the analytical and numerical modelling, while focusing on eXtended Finite Element Modelling (XFEM). Keywords  Hydraulic fracturing · Unconventional reservoirs · Analytical method · Numerical method · eXtended Finite Element Modelling (XFEM)

Introduction According to BP Statistical Review (2017), the global demand for natural gas increased by 1.5% from 2016. Therefore, the production of unconventional gas reservoir must be optimized to cover the decreasing of conventional gas reservoir production (Bentley 2002; Hughes 2013). The unconventional gas reservoir is commonly defined as reservoir with poor permeability (less than 0.1 mD) (Gordon 2012; Holditch 2006). There are four categories of unconventional gas that are becoming important as future source of energy, they are shale gas, tight gas sand, coal bed methane and hydrates (Abdelfattah et al. 2015). Production of unconventional resources is expected to thrive and grow sixfold from 2011 to 2030 (Ruehl and Giljum 2011). * Cindy Dhevayani Savitri [email protected] 1



Petroleum Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia

2



Civil Engineering Department, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

3

Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Kansas University, Lawrence, USA



The shale revolution is referred as the bloom of shale production due to the technological improvement of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. The improvements include hydraulic fracturing in horizontal well reduced from 200 m apart to 50 m while having over 60 stages per well (Aguilera and Ripple 2012; Ignatyev et al. 2011) the USA is the world’s largest dry natural gas producer because of the shale gas revolution. It contributes to 20% of the world consumption, in which 40% of the supply is from shale (Sieminski 2014). The revolution mainly impacts the USA due to the advancement in technologies in current stage; however, it is expected to spread globally to countries with abundant shale reserves, such as Ca