Recent Studies on Ionic Liquids in Metal Recovery from E-Waste and Secondary Sources by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Ele
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REVIEW
Recent Studies on Ionic Liquids in Metal Recovery from E-Waste and Secondary Sources by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Electrodeposition: a Review Raouf AliAkbari 1 & Yousef Marfavi 1 & Elaheh Kowsari 1 & Seeram Ramakrishna 2 Received: 2 July 2020 / Revised: 3 September 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Abstract Given the high growth of e-waste around the world and the environmental and health risks associated with it, research on optimal and green methods of e-waste recycling is of great importance in order to find solutions to this global crisis. In particular are techniques that are economically attractive in addition to solving problems. In this paper, our research team has collected some recent methods of metal recycling in which ionic liquids (ILs) play a main member in the extraction process. The advantages of ILs include high selectivity, short operating temperature, lower relative toxicity, multiple use, and minimal waste generation. The results of this research are also compared with the results of previous studies. We have done special research on ILs used in leaching processes and applied in liquid-liquid extraction, and electrodeposition of metal in IL. Also listed in this paper are some experimental processes that can be tested in e-waste and secondary sources recycling. Some of which can be used on an industrial scale.
Keywords IL . Electrodeposition . Metal recovery . Leaching . Liquid-liquid extraction . E-waste Abbreviations A/O Ratio of aqueous phase to organic phase β Separation factor C or [C] Concentration CAGR Compound annual growth rate CE Counter electrode D Distribution ratio E Extraction efficiency EEE Electrical and electronic equipment FIL Functionalized ionic liquid IL Ionic liquid LLE Liquid-liquid extraction M Metal
* Elaheh Kowsari [email protected] * Seeram Ramakrishna [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, No. 424, Hafez Avenue, Tehran 1591634311, Iran
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260, Singapore
RE RT S T t TSIL V WE WEEE
Reference electrode Room temperature Selectivity Temperature Time Task-specific ionic liquid Volume Working electrode Waste electrical and electronic equipment
Introduction Electronic waste is a set of electronic and electrical equipment that is unusable or out of order or unwanted, which includes hundreds of types of such equipment, which are also called ewaste or WEEE for this type of waste. Different categories are categorized for re-use in a more efficient way (Wang et al. 2012). We will first briefly discuss the challenges and chemical methods of recycling e-waste; then, we will focus on the applied ILs in the recycling of e-waste and compare them with each other. According to reports from official international centers, if the growth rate of e-waste production continues in the same way, it is predicted that, in 2050, about 120 million
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