Recovery of chromium by calcium-roasting, sodium-roasting, acidic leaching, alkaline leaching and sub-molten technology:
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REVIEW
Recovery of chromium by calcium‑roasting, sodium‑roasting, acidic leaching, alkaline leaching and sub‑molten technology: a review Hao Peng1 · Jing Guo1 · Liping Lv1 · Huisheng Huang1 · Bing Li1 Received: 5 October 2020 / Accepted: 10 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Chromium is a major strategic mineral widely used in industrial processes, yet mineral resources are decreasing, calling for advanced recycling techniques to recover chromium from ores, waste and contaminated media. Here, we review chromium resources and methods to leach out Cr, such as calcium-roasting, sodium-roasting, acidic leaching, alkaline leaching and sub-molten technology. Keywords Chromium · Calcium-roasting · Sodium-roasting · Acid leaching · Alkaline leaching · Sub-molten technology · Electro-oxidation
Introduction Chromium is a strategic mineral of worldwide importance, it is widely used in metallurgy and chemical engineering. Much attention has been focused on leaching out chromium from chromium-containing ore. The traditional roasting process is classified into two types: calcium-roasting and sodium-roasting. The roasting process involves many operations, and produces Cr-products and toxic residues. Direct acidic leaching is cleaner and conducted at low temperatures, yet is milited by high acid consumption and high concentrations of impurities. An environmental-friendly technology called sub-molten technology can achieve high leaching efficiency of chromium, but issues of high alkaline concentration, high process temperature and high ionic strength are still unresolved. Overall, the industry of chromium leaching is still underdeveloped, and much intensive research work is needed. The green chemical process of chromate production with high efficiency and selectivity, the new separation system with low energy consumption and zero-emission of chromium-containing residue are established, so that the great * Hao Peng [email protected] 1
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling, Chongqing 408100, People’s Republic of China
difficulty all over the world of the heavy environmental, pollution is resolved at the very source (He et al. 2020; Liu et al. 2009b; Peng and Guo 2020). This review article presents an overview of the technical applicability of technologies for chromium leaching out, which including calcium-roasting, sodium-roasting, acid leaching, alkaline leaching and submolten technology. All the mentioned technologies in this paper are shown in Table 1.
Chromite resources Chromium is an important national strategic source widely used in many field, and it accounts 24th in the group VIB in the periodic table, which is considered as a refractory metal due to its high melting point (Cheng et al. 2020; He et al. 2020; Zhang and Lin 2020; Zhao et al. 2020). It is discovered in 1798 by Nicholas Louis Vauquelin, from a lead mineral from Zima pan, Paris, and is named chromium on the Greek word
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