Red algae-derived k-carrageenan-based proton-conducting electrolytes for the wearable electrical devices
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Red algae-derived k-carrageenan-based proton-conducting electrolytes for the wearable electrical devices P. Perumal 1 & P. Christopher Selvin 1 Received: 1 June 2020 / Revised: 10 June 2020 / Accepted: 11 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Proton-conducting non-porous nature of k-carrageenan-based flexible solid electrolytes was prepared by facile solution casting technique. Altering the composition of NH4COOH, free ion percentage (%) was improved significantly and contributed vital role on the proton conductivity to an utmost level of 8.54 × 10−4 Scm−1. Especially, increasing the composition of protonic carrier, electrochemical stability window was tuned tremendously and topmost value of 6.3 V was captured for the 0.4 (M wt%) NH4COOH added electrolyte. Also, interfacial adhesion energy of the electrolytes was enhanced to the maximum level of 96.27 Jm −2, inferred from contact angle measurements. The obtained significant electrochemical performance of k-carrageenan-based samples is an excellent substitute direction towards the cost-effective and eco-friendly wearable electrical applications. Keywords Biopolymer . Free ions . Proton conductivity . Contact angle . PEMFC
Introduction Research on electrolyte materials has received giant importance in the electrical energy storage and conversion devices. Since, electrolytes are extremely responsible for the transmission of ionic species between electrodes in order to make an electrical energy and also act as a separator for the prevention of short circuit. Among various types of electrolytes, polymer electrolytes are one of the most superior materials under the consideration of solid state science and technology. Also, it has good flexibility, compatibility, less weight, and improved safety when compared to solid nanoelectrolyte and liquid systems. Notably, these exclusive parameters of polymer electrolytes are highly admired prime materials for the application of wearable electronic gadgets [1–4]. So, numerous research attempts have been widely adopted on the development of new cost-effective polymer membranes towards the various electrical applications. In this concern, proton-conducting biopolymer electrolyte membranes are one of the key alternate at the same time widely used in the various electrochemical * P. Christopher Selvin [email protected] 1
Luminescence & Solid State Ionics Laboratory, Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
devices, which includes super capacitors, proton-conducting membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), and electro chromic devices. Moreover, selection of biopolymer as a host for the electrolyte preparation is highly appreciable due to their attracted characteristics like degradable, compatible, renewable, and eco-friendly nature, although potential selectivity of biopolymer is highly concern with the environmental issues [2, 3, 5–7]. Among biopolymers, polysaccharide-based compounds were greatly utilized in the various
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