Regulation of Axon Formation
A mature neuron is typically polarized with a single long axon and several dendrites. After the birth and differentiation of a neuron, a neuron breaks its previous symmetry and establishes an axon and dendrites. Neuronal polarization occurs when one of th
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Regulation of Axon Formation
T. Yoshimura . N. Arimura . K. Kaibuchi
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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Processes of Neuronal Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
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Specification by Intrinsic Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Neuronal Polarity-Regulating Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PI3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3b Pathway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Regulation of CRMP-2 by GSK-3b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Positive Feedback Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rap1B, H-Ras, and R-Ras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
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2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
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Regulation of axon formation
Abstract: A mature neuron is typically polarized with a single long axon and several dendrites. After the birth and differentiation of a neuron, a neuron breaks its previous symmetry and establishes an axon and dendrites. Neuronal polarization occurs when one of the multiple immature neurites emerging from the cell body elongates rapidly. This neurite becomes the axon, whereas the remaining immature neurites become dendrites. What are the molecular mechanisms specifying the axon in the initial events? Here we provide an overview of recent progress into the study of axon formation. List of Abbreviations: APC, adenomatous polyposis coli; aPKC, atypical protein kinase C; CRMP-2, collapsin response mediator protein-2; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GSK-3b, glycogen synthase kinase-3b; ILK, integrin-linked kinase; NgCAM, neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule; PI3-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10; siRNA, short interfering RNA; Sra-1, specifically Rac1-associated protein 1; STEF, Sif- and Tiam1-like exchange factor; Tiam1, T-lymphoma invasion and metastasis 1
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Introduction
Neuronal polarity is essential for unidirectional signal flow from somata or dendrites to axons. A model system for studying ne
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