Regulation of Biological Control Agents
This book presents a comprehensive compilation of registration requirements necessary for authorisation of biological control agents (viruses, bacteria, fungi, active substances of natural origin and semiochemicals) in OECD countries. It also reviews data
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Ralf-Udo Ehlers Editor
Regulation of Biological Control Agents
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Editor Ralf-Udo Ehlers Department for Biotechnology and Biological Control Institute for Phytopathology Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel 24118 Kiel Germany [email protected]
Disclaimer The information in this book compiled by the authors and editor has been checked for accuracy and completeness. The information is in accordance with the standard practices accepted at the time of publication. However, neither the authors, editors, and publisher, nor any party involved in the creation and publication of this work warrant that the information is in every respect accurate and complete, and they are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information in this book.
ISBN 978-90-481-3663-6 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3664-3 DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3664-3 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Regulation is implemented by governments when human activities may cause damage to the society or the environment in order to avoid, prevent or minimise impacts. Regulation should concentrate on safety aspects and try to minimise negative consequences for trade and the economy. Biological control agents (BCAs) are generally regarded as sustainable and environmentally safe tools to manage pest insects, nematodes, weeds and diseases in agriculture, forestry and horticulture. However, no human activity is without potential risks, so regulation of BCAs is necessary to avoid potential hazards. Plant protection products based on micro-organisms, semiochemicals and botanicals are subject to registration in all OECD countries (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Their potential for use in plant protection and substitution of hazardous chemical substances is, however, not well exploited. One reason is the stringent regulation policy that basically follows rules implemented for registration of synthetic chemical pesticides. This situation motivated the EU Commission to call for proposals for appropriate and balanced regulatory systems for BCAs. As a result, the EU-supported REBECA (Regulation of Biological Control Agents) Policy Support Action (www.rebeca-net.de) was started and gathered experts from academia, regulation authorities and industry with the objective of elaborating proposals that can accelerate the regulation process for BCAs and make it more cost-effective without compromising the level of safety for human health and the envir
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