Regulation of Trehalose Metabolism and Its Relevance to cell Growth and Function
Trehalose is a disaccharide (α-d -glucopyranosyl α-d -glucopyranoside) commonly found in fungi and present at particularly high concentrations in resting cells and survival forms, such as spores and sclerotia. Two specific lines of research with respect t
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THEVELEIN 1
I. Introduction
CONTENTS I. 11.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Occurrence, Accumulation, and Mobilization of Trehalose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III. Enzymes ofTrehalose Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . A. Two Types of Trehalases in Fungi. . . . . . . . . . B. Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Phosphatase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV. Transport of Trehalose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Functions ofTrehalose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Trehalose as Storage Carbohydrate Versus Trehalose as Stress Protectant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Possib1e Role of Trehalose as Stress Protectant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C. Main Functions of Trehalose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D. Other Functions of Trehalose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI Regulation of Trehalose Metabolism. . . . . . . . A. Mobilization of Trehalose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Decompartmentation Versus Activation of Trehalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Activation of Trehalase by Phosporylation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Glucose-Induced Activation of Trehalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4. Fermentable Growth Medium-Induced Activation ofTrehalase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5. Trehalase Activity During the Cell Cyde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. Synthesis of Trehalose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. Regulation of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Phosphat ase at the Posttranslational Level ........... 2. Regulation of Trehalose-6-Phosphate Synthase and Phosphatase at the Transcriptional Level.................. 3. Trehalose Accumulation During Sublethai Reat Treatment ..... . . 4. An Alternative Maltose-Induced Pathway for Trehalose Synthesis . . . . . . . . . VII. Trehalose Metabolism and Control of Growth, Cell Cyde Progression, and Sporulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... VIII. Trehalose Metabolism and the Control of Initial Glucose Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . IX. Condusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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1 Laboratorium voor Moleculaire Celbiologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kardinaal Mercierlaan 92, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders, Belgium
Trehalose is a disaccharide (a- D-glucopyranosyl a-D-glucopyranoside) commonly found in fungi and present at particularly high concentrations in resting cells and survival forms, such as spores and sclerotia. Two specific lines of research with respect to trehalose have received much attention. The first is in control of trehalose mobilization during the initiation of growth in resting cells and, more recently, the possible role of trehalose as a stress protectant. With respect to trehalose mobilization in fungi,
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