Relating features and combustion behavior of biomasses from the Amazonian agroforestry chain
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Relating features and combustion behavior of biomasses from the Amazonian agroforestry chain Jéssica Saraiva da Costa 1 & Marcela Gomes da Silva 1 & Mário Vanoli Scatolino 2 & Michael Douglas Roque Lima 2 & Maíra Reis de Assis 2 & Lina Bufalino 1 & Sueo Numazawa 1 Paulo Fernando Trugilho 2 & Thiago de Paula Protásio 3
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Received: 11 August 2020 / Revised: 19 October 2020 / Accepted: 29 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The search for new alternatives to supply the overall energy demands of the Amazonia has been growing. Among the available renewable sources, the waste feedstock from the agroforestry chains stand out, but their proper characterization is an urgent need. This study proposes to assess the energy potential of five wastes from agroforestry crops of the Brazilian Amazonia by qualitative and quantitative approaches, highlighting the relation between biomass chemical composition and combustion behavior. The açai seed (AS), cocoa pod husk (CPH), coconut husk (CH), palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB), and maize cob (MC) were investigated. The high energy density (6.94 GJ m−3) and low ash content (1.4%) distinguished AS from the other biomasses. The PEFB showed the lowest ignition temperature (197 °C) combined with the highest ignition index (3.4 × 103% min−3) and net heating value (16.20 MJ kg−1). The superior amounts of hot-water-soluble extractives of PEFB (10.8%) and CPH (18.0%) anticipated the energy release in the main stage of combustion. Furthermore, increases in hot-water-soluble extractives reduced the ignition temperature, while lower H/C ratios increased the flammability. The H/C above 1.6, total lignin content up to 21.1%, and volatile matter/fixed carbon ratio above 4.4 facilitated the ignition of PEFB and MC biomasses. Keywords Ignition . Flammability . Heating value . Energy density . Lignocellulosic wastes
1 Introduction In the last decades, researchers, governments, and entrepreneurs have gathered efforts to guarantee a clean energy supply and improve environmental sustainability. Several initiatives for the gradual replacement of fossil fuels by renewable sources in the global energy matrix have considerably advanced [1, 2]. In this way, the problems associated with the high emissions of intensifying greenhouse gases (GHG) can be mitigated [3–5] in accordance with the Paris Agreement (COP21—2015), of which Brazil is a signatory [6].
* Thiago de Paula Protásio [email protected] 1
Rural Federal University of Amazonia—UFRA, Campus of Belém, Belém, Pará CEP 66077-830, Brazil
2
Department of Forest Science, Federal University of Lavras—UFLA, Lavras, Minas Gerais CEP 37200-900, Brazil
3
Rural Federal University of Amazonia—UFRA, Campus of Parauapebas, Parauapebas, Pará CEP 68515-000, Brazil
Given the challenges to promote the sustainability and diversification of the Brazilian energy matrix, one of the available alternatives is to expand the use of lignocellulosic biomass as a raw material for bioenergy generation [
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