Relationship Between Community-Based Tourism and Autonomous Organizations in Rural East Asia: Four Case Studies in Japan
This chapter, firstly, considered how rural tourism has been positioned in Japanese and Chinese national policies. Secondly, based on the results of field surveys conducted in four regions in Japan and China, the current state of the organizational struct
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Relationship Between Community-Based Tourism and Autonomous Organizations in Rural East Asia: Four Case Studies in Japan and China Shinji Takada
Abstract This chapter, firstly, considered how rural tourism has been positioned in Japanese and Chinese national policies. Secondly, based on the results of field surveys conducted in four regions in Japan and China, the current state of the organizational structure and operation of community-based tourism in each region was clarified. These cases are all advanced cases in each country, and different types of tourism organizations have been established and rural tourism has been implemented in each region. Thirdly, it focused on the relationship between autonomous organizations and tourism organizations and considered the role of community-based tourism in local autonomy. Keywords Rural tourism · Community-based tourism · Autonomous organization · Farm stay · Depopulation · Exchange between urban and rural areas · East Asia
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Introduction
This chapter mainly describes cases about rural tourism in Japan and China. Therefore, the “rural tourism” here are “Green Tourism” in Japan and “Xiāngcūn lǚyóu” in China. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan (MAFF), “Green Tourism” refers to leisure activity of urban residents in rural areas when they visit rural areas and seek for natural landscapes and rural area’s lifestyle and enjoy themselves through interaction with rural residents or farm work experience in rural areas. The term has a broad meaning and applies not only to staying and farm experience but also to the purchase of souvenirs and to eating local
S. Takada (*) Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 N. Yasunaga, N. Inoue (eds.), Farm and Rural Community Management in Less Favored Areas, New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives 44, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7352-1_12
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dishes in rural areas. “Green” has the meaning of rural sustainability or environmental conservation. The objective of Green Tourism is to promote rural regeneration, environmental conservation, and leisure activity of urban residents. “Xiāngcūn lǚyóu” means tourism in Xiāngcūn areas. Xiāngcūn areas mean under the responsibility of China’s administrative districts called “Xiāng” and “Zhèn,” generally, “Xiāngcūn Area” is translated as “Rural Area” in English. The term also has a broad meaning that refers to all tourism activities in Xiāngcūn Areas, similar to “Green Tourism” in Japan. Incidentally, “Zhèn” and “Xiāng” are often called “Town” in English, and “Xiāng” has a stronger rural character. The objective of Xiāngcūn lǚyóu is to promote a solution to the issue of rural poverty, rural urbanization. After the 1990s, Japan promoted rural tourism in earnest as a national policy, rural tourism was promoted in other Asian countries, such as China, Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, etc. According to Miyazaki (2006),
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