Removal of heavy metals from urban soil using functionalized carbon-coated composite
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Removal of heavy metals from urban soil using functionalized carbon‑coated composite A. Maqbool1 · W. Hui1,2 · X. Xin1 · A. Khaliq3 · M. T. Sarwar1 Received: 10 February 2020 / Revised: 22 April 2020 / Accepted: 28 May 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract Urban soil accumulates significant contents of heavy metals (HMs), which is a risk to human health and considered as a hindrance for the development and expansion of concerned areas that required to be having simple and field applicable remediation mechanisms with diverse applicable concerning location. A magnetic nanocomposite is fabricated by spherical magnetic ceramsite coated with nanocarbon spheres (MCCS) and functionalized by polyethylene glycol (PEG) for the removal of HMs such as lead Pb(II) and hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) from the contaminated soil. Mesoporous and functionalized magnetic nanocomposite named MCCSPG having plenty of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups are obtained. Box–Behnken design and desirability function are used to optimize maximum adsorption efficiency with three independent factors pH, initial concentration of HMs and initial concentration of MCCSPG. The maximum Langmuir adsorption capacity of MCCSPG is 10.18 mg/g for Pb(II) and 10.05 mg/g for Cr(VI). The pseudo-second-order is fitted the best R2 (0.98) for adsorption kinetics. The MCCSPG showed good reusability efficiency six times and collected from the soil via an external magnetic separation system. Short-term and long-term benefits of MCCSPG are also discussed in the topsoil that facilitates its potential applicability for the in situ remediation strategy. Graphic abstract
Keywords Urban environment · Heavy metals · Nanocarbon · Soil remediation Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02790-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Introduction Heavy metals (HMs) accumulation has become a critical environmental issue in the urban areas with its expansion and growing demand for agricultural land, and a high
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International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology
accumulation rate considered as a barrier for sustainable development (Mclaughlin 2018). Anthropogenic activities are one of the most widespread of HMs contingency from mining production, industrialization, urban traffic emission and intensification of agriculture (Zwolak et al. 2019). Urban surface soil/topsoil includes roadside land, green belts, public green spaces, ornamental gardens, school playgrounds/ education parks, dumpsites, industrial estates, train stations, commercial districts and residential districts which are contaminated by HMs and are owing risks to plants, organisms, ecology and have leaching potential to groundwater (Luo et al. 2012; Tepanosyan et al. 2018; Famuyiwa et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2019a; Teng and Zhou 2019). HMs are also
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