Removal of the Olfactory Bulbs in Mice Leads to Changes in Affective Behavior
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Removal of the Olfactory Bulbs in Mice Leads to Changes in Affective Behavior O. A. Nedogreeva, M. Yu. Stepanichev, and N. V. Gulyaeva
UDC 612.8
Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel’nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 104–114, January–February, 2020. Original article submitted July 29, 2019. Revised version received August 15, 2019. Accepted September 16, 2019. Removal of the olfactory bulbs induces a multitude of behavioral impairments, the most reproducible of which is hyperlocomotion. Olfactory bulbectomy is widely used to model anxiety and depression-like states. In the present study, C57Bl/6 mice subjected to olfactory bulbectomy were tested in standard tests to assess anxiety and depression-like behavior. Removal of the olfactory bulbs in mice was found to increase anxiety and emotionality. Attention in the present work was focused on the fact that hyperactivity induced by bulbectomy can seriously distort the results obtained in anxiety tests. The results lead to the conclusion that the contribution of hyperlocomotion must be taken into account in the interpretation of behavioral measures in the elevated plus maze test. Keywords: olfactory bulbectomy, emotionality, hyperactivity.
Removal of the olfactory bulbs from laboratory rodents (olfactory bulbectomy, OB) induces a multitude of behavioral changes, such as an increase in movement activity in a novel context, along with impairments to learning and memory formation. In addition, many authors have noted changes to emotionality in rats and mice, apparent as increases in depression-like behavior, for example anhedonia and loss of self-care ability, along with predominance of the passive coping strategy with stress in the forced swimming test [Otmakhova et al., 1992; Hellweg et al., 2007; Kang et al., 2010; Flores et al., 2014; Borre et al., 2012; Hendriksen et al., 2015; Stepanichev et al., 2016; Almeida et al., 2017]. OB was first used in 1971 to assess the influences of anosmia on learning in rats. In 1976, van Riezen et al. proposed using OB to test the actions of novel antidepressants, on the basis that OB-induced behavioral impairments were corrected by prolonged administration of drugs such as amitriptyline, viloxazine, mianserin, and, to a lesser extent, lithium sulfate. Chlorpromazine and chlordiazepoxide decreased activity in both experimental and sham-operated
animals [van Riezen et al., 1976; Cairncross et al., 1977; Otmakhova et al., 1992]. OB in rats and, to a lesser extent, mice has now become a standard model for investigating the mechanisms of development of depression. Numerous biochemical impairments in the brains of animals subjected to OB have been found, these being similar to changes in patients with clinical depression, including changes in monoamine metabolism [Nesterova et al., 1997; Hellweg et al., 2007]. At the same time, this model has been used in mice to address the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, whose signs include a depression-like state [Bobkova et al., 2014; Gulyaeva et al., 2017]. The main and
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