Repositories for Patented and Safeguarded Material
This chapter presents an overview of the importance of innovative technologies using biological materials for economic development and discusses particular issues within the intellectual property system regarding the protection of such technologies. It fo
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Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 The Role of the Intellectual Property System in Technological Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Culture Collections and the Preservation of Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 The Budapest Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 International Depositary Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Geographical Distribution of IDAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Definition of Depositable Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Patent Deposit and Safe Deposit of Biological Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 The Deposit of Biological Material for Patent Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Depositing a Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Main Tests Performed by the IDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Methods of Preservation for Biological Materials . . . 311 When Can an IDA Refuse a Sample? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Dispatch of the Sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Length of the Deposit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Safe Deposit of Biological Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Introduction Microorganisms have been used in a broad range of biotechnological processes for a very long time, especially for fermentation of food and drink, but their industrial use has intensified in recent decades as a consequence of advances in handling and characterization techniques for microorganisms and their products. The intellectual property rights of many microbial-based technologies are protected by patents. The use of the patent system requires disclosure of novel aspects of the technology to be protected in order to guarantee a flux of information between inventors, and thus stimulate the development of new technologies or the improvement of existing ones. In the case of patent applications that involve the use of biological material, a patent office can require the deposit of a
viable sample in an official culture collection, so that the technology can be made available as a living organism to other parties. This chapter discusses international arrangements for ensuring that there are culture collections able to support international patent obligations by accepting deposits of biological material. In addition, it discusses the main features of patent and safe deposit of biological material, as well as its importance for biotechnology development.
The Role of the Intellectual Property System in Technological Development Technologic
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