Reproduction of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia via aerosol-based challenge with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides
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Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Open Access
Reproduction of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia via aerosol‑based challenge with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Flavio Sacchini1,2, Anne Mariana Liljander1, Martin Heller3, Elizabeth Jane Poole1, Horst Posthaus4,5, Elise Schieck1 and Joerg Jores1,6*
Abstract Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a respiratory disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. Infection occurs via Mycoplasma-containing droplets and therefore requires close contact between animals. The current infection models are suboptimal and based on intratracheal installation of mycoplasmas or in-contact infection. This work tested the infection of adult cattle via aerosols containing live mycoplasmas mimicking the infection of cattle in the field. Therefore, we infected six cattle with aerosolized Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides strain Afadé over seven consecutive days with altogether 109 colony forming units. All animals seroconverted between 11–24 days post infection and five out of six animals showed typical CBPP lesions. One animal did not show any lung lesions at necropsy, while another animal had to be euthanized at 25 days post infection because it reached endpoint criteria. Seroconversion confirmed successful infection and the spectrum of clinical and lesions observed mirrors epidemiological models and the field situation, in which only a fraction of animals suffers from acute clinical disease post infection. Keywords: Aerosol, CBPP, Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, Infection model, Intranasal, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, Spray Findings Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) is a livestock disease of utmost importance in sub-Saharan Africa. Animals get infected by mycoplasma-containing droplets, leading to acute or subacute disease that may progress into death or chronic malady, although many animals recover. Acute disease is characterized by fever, pleural effusion, severe respiratory distress and a characteristic cough, with a mortality rate of up to 10% in endemic zones [1]. *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi KE‑00100, Kenya Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Currently, the control of CBPP in sub-Saharan Africa mainly relies on live vaccines (T1/44 and T1sr) that have their limitations [2]. In the absence of a meaningful small rodent model for Mmm infections, research towards improved vaccines relies on studies involving the native host. The current CBPP infection models are based on intratracheal intubation accessed via the nasal or oral cavity, applied blindly via a flexible rubber tube [3] or guided via an bronchoscope [4]. Inoculums reported were pleural effusions from CBPP-positive cattle [5], which are known to contain high concentrations of mycoplasmas [6] or broth cultures containing up to 1010 mycoplasmas per mL [7]. Alternatively, in cont
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