Research on Citrus grandis Granulation Determination Based on Hyperspectral Imaging through Deep Learning
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Research on Citrus grandis Granulation Determination Based on Hyperspectral Imaging through Deep Learning Dengfei Jie 1,2 & Shuang Wu 1 & Ping Wang 3 & Yan Li 4 & Dapeng Ye 1,2 & Xuan Wei 1,2 Received: 24 March 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Citrus fruit granulation is a major physical disorder during late maturity and post-harvest storage, and it greatly undermines the quality of fruit. Currently, there is still a lack of rapid and nondestructive methods to detect citrus granulation. This study proposes a nondestructive granulation detecting method based on deep learning. Different models were established with the input of preprocessed transmission spectra obtained by hyperspectral imaging. Conventional convolution neural network (CNN) got the best accuracy at 88.02% for training, compared with the least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM) and back-propagation neural network (BP-NN). After adding the batch-normalization layer to the CNN, the experimental results show that the detection model obtained a 100% accuracy in train set and 97.9% in validation set, respectively. And then, through analyzing the well-trained model layer by layer, bands of 660.2–721.1 nm, 708.5–750 nm and 806.5–847 nm were the spectra greatly related to granulation. The model rebuilt with these feature bands obtained 90.1% and 85.4% accuracy in train set and validation set, respectively. This way, effective wavelength selection can find bands highly correlated with granulation.Combined with some research on functional group, it is possible that inference to internal matter changes in granulation process, which may provide some hints to explore the reason of granulation. It is also meaningful to develop granulation-detecting equipment for citrus fruits. Keywords Convolution neural network . Spectrum analyze . Batch normalization . Granulation . Citrus grandis . Internal quality
Introduction Citrus is considered an important fruit worldwide. Granulation is one of the main physiological disorders that have been described in citrus fruit (Ritenour et al. 2004; Sharma et al. 2006), and many efforts have been made to explain this problem (Sharma and Saxena 2004; Wang et al. 2014). Unfortunately, the mechanism has not yet been found. Granulation of Citrus grandis could occur in pre- or postharvest which has a large
* Xuan Wei [email protected] 1
College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, China
2
Engineering Research Center for Modern Agricultural Equipment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, China
3
College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, China
4
College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, China
effect in consumption. As a commercial fruit, in order to improve the market value, it is s
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