Resource-based direct manipulation: a user-centric visual interface for operational customization of future smart applia
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Resource‑based direct manipulation: a user‑centric visual interface for operational customization of future smart appliances Muhammad Sohail Khan1 · Muhamad Faisal Abrar1 · Dohyeun Kim2 · Faiza Tila2 · Iftikhar Ahmed Khan3 · Junaid Shuja3 · Abdul Nasir Khan3
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the current era of IoT, home appliances like dishwashers, washing machines, and coffee makers, etc. are being equipped with internet access and sensing resources to provide autonomous or semi-autonomous functionality to its users. It is foreseeable that these appliances will soon be capable to collaborate by sharing their capabilities enabling dynamic operations as per the context and user preferences. This scenario, however, will also add to the complexity of programming/customizing the operational behavior of the appliances. Hence, traditional control interfaces will not suffice. This paper presents a generic architecture through which such collaborative operations of home appliances can be achieved. To minimize complexity for end-users, a centralized drag-n-drop visual interface for operational customization of the home appliances has been presented. In this proof-of-concept implementation, Intel Edison Platforms with associated sensing and actuating components have been utilized to mimic the sensing, actuation and computational resources of future home appliances by utilizing local WIFI network for communication purposes. Simple collaboration scenarios have been executed to find the execution delay of the customized collaborative operations. Based on the same scenarios, a preliminary usability study, based on system usability scale (SUS), has been conducted for the centralized visual interface via two different groups of end-users (programming skills-based). The average SUS score of 79.2 by both groups backs the claim of reduced complexity and ease of use for the end-users. Keywords Operational customization · Smart appliances · Resources · Virtual objects · Direct manipulation · User interface, system usability
1 Introduction The electronics and home appliances industry has constantly introduced new ways to aid and to provide comfort in the daily life chores of people in the form of appliances. The current decade is considered by some as the era of smart appliances. However, the definition of smartness in home
* Iftikhar Ahmed Khan [email protected] * Junaid Shuja [email protected] 1
Computer Software Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Mardan, Pakistan
2
Jeju National University, Jeju City 960‑756, South Korea
3
COMSATS University Islamabad, PO 22060, Abbottabad Campus, TOBE CAMP, Abbottabad, Pakistan
appliances has yet to be fully decided and implemented. Most of the current appliances are termed as semi-smart and are based on some sort of efficient energy consumption [9, 18]. Smartness can be perceived at many levels not just at the energy or power consumption. The modern smart appliances are also possessed with the
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