Respiratory Rate Estimation by Using ECG, Impedance, and Motion Sensing in Smart Clothing
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Respiratory Rate Estimation by Using ECG, Impedance, and Motion Sensing in Smart Clothing Chien-Lung Shen1,2 • Tzu-Hao Huang2 • Po-Chun Hsu2 • Ya-Chi Ko2 Fen-Ling Chen2 • Wei-Chun Wang2 • Tsair Kao1 • Chia-Tai Chan1
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Received: 13 June 2016 / Accepted: 12 October 2016 / Published online: 1 July 2017 Ó Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering 2017
Abstract The needs for light-weight and soft smart clothing in homecare have been rising since the past decade. Many smart textile sensors have been developed and applied to automatic physiological and user-centered environmental status recognition. In the present study, we propose wearable multi-sensor smart clothing for homecare monitoring based on an economic fabric electrode with high elasticity and low resistance. The wearable smart clothing integrated with heterogeneous sensors is capable to measure multiple human biosignals (ECG and respiration), acceleration, and gyro information. Five independent respiratory signals (electric impedance plethysmography, respiratory induced frequency variation, respiratory induced amplitude variation, respiratory induced intensity variation, and respiratory induced movement variation) are obtained. The smart clothing can provide accurate respiratory rate estimation by using three different techniques (Naı¨ve Bayes inference, static Kalman filter, and dynamic Kalman filter). During the static sitting experiments, respiratory induced frequency variation has the best performance; whereas during the running experiments, respiratory induced amplitude variation has the best performance. The Naı¨ve Bayes inference and dynamic Kalman filter have shown good results. The novel smart
& Tsair Kao [email protected] & Chia-Tai Chan [email protected] 1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang-Ming University, No.155, Sec.2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan, ROC
2
Taiwan Textile Research Institute, No.6, Chengtian Rd., Tucheng Dist., New Taipei City 23674, Taiwan, ROC
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clothing is soft, elastic, and washable and it is suitable for long-term monitoring in homecare medical service and healthcare industry. Keywords Textile electrode Multiple sensors Smart clothing Respiration rate Abbreviations ECG Electrocardiogram EDR ECG derived respiration EIP Electric impedance plethysmography EMG Electromyography PAT Peripheral arterial tonometry PPG Photoplethysmogram RIAV Respiratory induced amplitude variation RIFV Respiratory induced frequency variation RIIV Respiratory induced intensity variation RIMV Respiratory induced movement variation RIP Respiratory inductive plethysmography TPM Twists per meter TPU Thermoplastic polyurethane
1 Introduction Over the last decade, the call for light-weight, soft, wearable devices have gradually increased. Many smart textile sensors have been developed and applied to automatic physiological and user-centered environmental status recognition: for example, T-shirt with sensors integrated for wearable cardiopulmonary monitoring [1], wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) Reco
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