RETRACTED ARTICLE: Intestinal Microbiota, Probiotics and Human Gastrointestinal Cancers
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Intestinal Microbiota, Probiotics and Human Gastrointestinal Cancers Antonella Orlando & Francesco Russo
Published online: 18 November 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2012
Abstract Introduction Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract account for 25 % of all cancers and for 9 % of all causes of cancer death in the world, so gastrointestinal cancers represent a major health problem. In the past decades, an emerging role has been attributed to the interactions between the gastrointestinal content and the onset of neoplasia. Methods Thus, exogenous microbial administration of peculiar bacterial strains (probiotics) has been suggested as having a profound influence on multiple processes associated with a change in cancer risk. Probiotics are mono or mixed cultures of live microorganisms that might beneficially affect the host by improving the characteristics of indigenous microflora. Although the effects of probiotic administration has been intensively investigated in vitro, in animal models, in healthy volunteers, and in some human gastrointestinal diseases, very little is still known about the possible cross-interactions among probiotic administration, changes of intestinal flora, and the neoplastic transformation of gastrointestinal mucosa. Results Theoretically, probiotics are able to reduce cancer risk by a number of mechanisms: (a) binding and degradation of potential carcinogens; (b) quantitative, qualitative and metabolic alterations of the intestinal microflora; (c) production of anti-tumorigenic or anti-mutagenic compounds; (d) competitive action towards pathogenic bacteria; (e) enhancement of the host’s immune response; (f) direct effects on cell proliferation. Conclusion This review will attempt to highlight the literature on the most widely recognized effects of probiotics against neoplastic transformation of gastrointestinal mucosa and in particular on their effects on cell proliferation. A. Orlando : F. Russo (*) Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. “S. de Bellis”, Via Turi, 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Probiotics . Gastric cancer . Colorectal cancer . Pancreatic cancer . Microbiota Abbreviations GI Gastrointestinal LAB Lactic acid bacteria IBD Inflammatory bowel disease H. pylori Helicobacter pylori GC Gastric cancer MALT Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue CRC Colorectal cancer IBS Irritable bowel syndrome ACF Aberrant crypt foci L. GG Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ODC Ornithine decarboxylase IL-1β Interleukin 1β TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-alpha SMO Spermine oxidase PAO Polyamine oxidase SSAT Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase SAMDC S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase
Introduction Cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract account for 25 % of all cancers and for 9 % of all causes of cancer death in the world, so GI tract cancers are a major health problem [1]. In the last decades, an emerging role has been attributed to the interactions between the GI c
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