RETRACTED ARTICLE: Mechanoluminescence induced by impulsive excitation in CdS and CdSe: Mn, Cu, Ag, Au doped phosphors
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Mechanoluminescence induced by impulsive excitation in CdS and CdSe: Mn, Cu, Ag, Au doped phosphors Jagjeet Kaur1 · Neha Dubey1 · Ratnesh Tiwari2 · Vikas Dubey2 · Asha Pai1 · S. J. Dhoble3 · Hendrik C. Swart4 Received: 6 December 2017 / Accepted: 3 April 2018 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract In this paper the phenomenon of mechanoluminescence (ML) in CdSe:Mn, CdS:Au, CdS:Mn, CdS:Ag and CdS:Cu (cubic) phosphors is described. When the ML was excited impulsively by the impact of a load on the phosphors the ML intensity increased with time, attained a maximum value and then it decreased. In the ML intensity versus time curve, the peak increased and shifted towards shorter time values with increasing impact velocities and the rising portion of the curve followed an exponential increase and the decaying portion followed an exponential decrease with time. The total ML initially increased with the impact velocity of the load and then it attained a saturation value for higher values of the impact velocities. The total ML intensity increased linearly with the amount (mass) of the phosphors for the higher impact velocities. The ML intensity corresponding to the peak of the ML intensity versus time curve increased linearly with the impact velocities. The time was found to be linearly related to 1000/impact velocity. The ML intensity attained an optimum value for the activator concentration of 0.4% in CdSe:Mn, CdS:Au, CdS:Mn, CdS:Ag and CdS:Cu phosphors. CdSe:Mn phosphors were found to be the most intense ML and the CdS:Cu phosphors exhibited a comparatively weak ML. The ML induced by impulsive excitation in the CdS and CdSe doped phosphors plays a significance role in the understanding of the biological sensors and display device applications.
1 Introduction Mechanoluminescence (ML) is produced during deformation in the elastic, plastic and fracture regions in certain mechanoluminescent substances. So there should be a correlation between the ML profile and the deformation. Various techniques have been used in the past for deforming the crystals to study ML. These studies, however were not done in detail and are not comprehensively. Because of the complexity of the different causative factors involved, namely * Vikas Dubey [email protected] * Hendrik C. Swart [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, Govt. VYT PG Auto. College, Durg, C.G. 491001, India
2
Department of Physics, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Raipur, C.G., India
3
Department of Physics, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
4
Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein ZA 9300, South Africa
stress, the phenomena still remains unstudied thoroughly for all parameters [1–8]. In 1925, Longchambon [9] developed the air blast technique in which an air blast propels crystals at high speed on a quartz plate placed in front of the entrance slit of a spectrometer. In 1968, Sodomka [10] also used the same technique. Metz et al. [11] used a small tens
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