Revealing the existence of the ontological commitment in fish schools
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Revealing the existence of the ontological commitment in fish schools Takayuki Niizato1 · Kotaro Sakamoto2 · Yoh‑ichi Mototake3 · Hisashi Murakami4 · Yuta Nishiyama5 · Toshiki Fukushima1 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 / Published online: 13 October 2020 © International Society of Artificial Life and Robotics (ISAROB) 2020
Abstract The heap paradox is an enduring problem in complex systems, and it has many variations. One variation of the heap paradox considers how many parts of a whole are required to generate group behaviour. The initial heap paradox indicates that the recursive adding grain process finally makes a heap at a certain point. In this study, we point out the hidden assumption of this paradox, which a recursive operation involves ontological commitment (i.e. anticipation for the forthcoming heap from non-heap in every procedure). The aim of this study is to show the existence of the ontological commitment in a real fish school via IIT 3.0. We analysed the behaviour of Plecoglossus altivelis with group sizes ranging from 2 to 5 fish. Consequently, the subschool embedded in the whole group has a qualitatively different causal structure compared with a whole group of the same size. That is, 2-fish subschools lose the chasing property, but gain the leadership property, which has never been observed in a 2-fish whole school. Accordingly, 3- and 4-fish subschools also show a completely different property from the same sized whole school. Our results suggest that a real fish school contains the ontological commitment to maintain their group behaviour. Keywords The paradox of the heap · Collective behaviour · Integrated information theory 3.0
1 Introduction The heap paradox is a representative argument regarding the relation between the parts and the whole. The heap paradox considers the following: suppose one picks a grain out of a heap of wheat successively. When does this heap become a non-heap? Conversely, suppose one puts This work was presented in part at the 3rd International Symposium on Swarm Behavior and Bio-Inspired Robotics (Okinawa, Japan, November 20–22, 2019). * Takayuki Niizato [email protected] 1
Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
2
Leading Graduate School Doctoral Program in Human Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
3
Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
4
Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
5
Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan
a grain on the ground successively. When do the collective grains become a heap? We consider herein a variant of this paradox. The objective of the version of the heap paradox in focus is to investigate how many individuals are needed to make a whole. Note that the heap paradox in this case implies that the execution of the same recursive operation qualitatively changes the object. The heap paradox is inevitable in collective
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