Reversible data hiding based on a modified difference expansion for H.264/AVC video streams
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Reversible data hiding based on a modified difference expansion for H.264/AVC video streams Xiaoxu Tang 1 & Hongxia Wang 2
& Yi Chen
1
Received: 18 June 2019 / Revised: 30 May 2020 / Accepted: 9 July 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Reversible Data Hiding (RDH), also referred to as invertible or lossless data hiding, has gradually received much attention from the research community in recent years. In this paper, a RDH scheme for H.264/AVC videos is proposed and it is based on a novel way to expand the difference of a pair of Quantized Discrete Cosine Transform (QDCT) coefficients. The secret data is embedded into the QDCT coefficients of 4 × 4 luminance blocks which selected according to two conditions to achieve good visual quality. In every embeddable 4 × 4 blocks each to- be-embedded information bit is embedded into the selected coefficient-pair. All the selected coefficient-pairs are changed by the proposed difference expanding strategy, which causes low distortion on visual quality. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed scheme obtains a little degradation of visual quality and keeps the variation low in bit-rate increase. Keywords Reversible data hiding . Difference expanding . H.264/AVC . Visual quality
1 Introduction With the rapid development of video compression standards and communication techniques, spreading and watching videos online has become easier and easier. Meanwhile, as one of the
* Xiaoxu Tang [email protected] * Hongxia Wang [email protected] Yi Chen [email protected]
1
School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Cybersecurity, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People’s Republic of China
Multimedia Tools and Applications
most popular media in social network, video plays an important role in the realm of covert communication. Data hiding is a significant technology applied on covert communication. So it is in urgent need to explore schemes of data hiding for digital videos. And H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC) [20], which is one of the most commonly used video compression standards, has received much attention from researchers in the field of data hiding. Data hiding can embed secret information into a cover medium, and then enable the valid user to extract the embedded data from the marked medium for various purposes. Data hiding methods generally cause a distortion during embedding process and the cover medium cannot be restored into its original form after data extraction. While in some sensitive scenarios, such permanent distortion caused by embedding algorithm is strictly forbidden. Such as in the fields of law enforcement and medical systems, it is desired to reverse the marked media back to the original cover media without any distortions after the hidden data are retrieved. To solve this problem, reversible data hiding is proposed [14]. It can recover the original data completely without any loss of info
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