Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications and Algorithms for Brain Organoid Research
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REVIEW
Review of Artificial Intelligence Applications and Algorithms for Brain Organoid Research Jiayidaer Badai1 · Qian Bu2 · Le Zhang1,3,4 Received: 14 April 2020 / Revised: 4 August 2020 / Accepted: 12 August 2020 © International Association of Scientists in the Interdisciplinary Areas 2020
Abstract The human brain organoid is a miniature three-dimensional tissue culture that can simulate the structure and function of the brain in an in vitro culture environment. Although we consider that human brain organoids could be used to understand brain development and diseases, experimental models of human brain organoids are so highly variable that we apply artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to investigate the development mechanism of the human brain. Therefore, this study briefly reviewed commonly used AI applications for human brain organoid-magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and gene editing techniques, as well as related AI algorithms. Finally, we discussed the limitations, challenges, and future study direction of AI-based technology for human brain organoids. Keywords Artificial intelligence · Brain organoids · Gene expression · Neuroimaging · Deep learning
1 Introduction At present, the scientific study of the human brain and brain diseases has encountered the following main difficulties. First, it is hard to obtain human embryos and fetal brain structures due to practical difficulties. Second, several studies cannot be carried out due to ethical considerations [1]. In addition, the human brain is composed of approximately 80–90 billion neurons [2], the complex structure of which makes it impossible to conduct a number of research experiments. Though we have already built many useful AI-based applications [3–7] for studying the brain, they still cannot simulate the major brain physiology characteristics [8]. Thus, we are developing advanced 3D external structures— brain organoids [9, 10]—with optimized AI-based applications to study the developing brain environment. * Le Zhang [email protected] 1
College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
2
Department of Food Engineering, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
3
Medical Big Data Center of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
4
PERA Corporation Ltd., Beijing 100025, China
Currently, brain organoids are employed to understand the basic mechanism for human brain development and disease [1]. However, because brain organoids have high organoidto-organoid variability [11, 12] and their datasets are very complicated [8], we have to use AI-based applications and algorithms [13–17] to do related data analysis. Therefore, it is necessary to review the availability, limitations, and future directions of AI for human brain organoids. Currently, several reviews have already described the latest developments for human brain organoids and discussed related applications in drug screening, precision medicine, and future developments [12]. However, to the
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