Review of Biomass Conversion in High Pressure High Temperature Water (HHW) Including Recent Experimental Results (Isomer
In this chapter, we briefly explain unique properties of high pressure high temperature water (HHW). In high pressure media, concentration of reactant can be controlled by changing temperature and pressure, and the reaction rate (also product distribution
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Review of Biomass Conversion in High Pressure High Temperature Water (HHW) Including Recent Experimental Results (Isomerization and Carbonization) Masaru Watanabe, Taku M. Aida and Richard Lee Smith Abstract In this chapter, we briefly explain unique properties of high pressure high temperature water (HHW). In high pressure media, concentration of reactant can be controlled by changing temperature and pressure, and the reaction rate (also product distribution) can be controlled. In addition, in the presence of solvent (water is concerned here), the properties of the solvent can also be adjusted by pressure and temperature, and the control of solvent properties can help to improve the reaction rate and selectivity. Some of important reactions occurring in the high pressure high temperature water (HHW) media are summarized and the relationship between the reactions and the products is roughly categorized into gasification, liquefaction, and carbonization. Briefly, over 400 C, radical reaction is dominant and thus gasification (small fragment formation) occurs. Between 200 and 400 C, both ionic and radial reactions competitively occur and biomass conversion can be controlled widely by changing temperature and pressures. Therefore, production of chemical block for industries is performed in the temperature range. Below 200 C, namely low temperature and high density of water (liquid phase of water), hydrolysis and dehydration are favored because ionic reactions are predominant. Through dehydration between molecules (high concentration condition is preferred), carbonization is also developed. Concerning each product category, our research topics are briefly overviewed. Finally, our recent experimental results for isomerization of glucose and carbonization of biomass are roughly introduced.
M. Watanabe (&) R. L. Smith Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan e-mail: [email protected] M. Watanabe T. M. Aida R. L. Smith Department of Environmental Study, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
F. Jin (ed.), Application of Hydrothermal Reactions to Biomass Conversion, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-54458-3_11, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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11.1 Introduction Biomass is the single sustainable organic resource on the earth. From the ancient time, human being has utilized biomass as fuel after drying. Wood has been used to build house and furniture. Crops and beans have been important as food. Leaves have provided medicine and drinks. Someone invented pulping process and human can also use biomass as material effectively and widely. Biomass has supported human life at various aspects. Disadvantage of biomass is climate sensitive and widely spread. It is difficult for human to get biomass at a constant yield for all four seasons and all years. It takes cost for collection of biomass at a place. In addition, if the amount of harvest takes over that of cultivating, biomass at an area should be cons
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